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Fluid–structure interaction modes under complex unsteady vortices: A review
HAN Peng, ZHANG Junduo, LI Yiran, FAN Dixia, HUANG Weixi
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-022
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Abstract:
In complex unsteady wakes, the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) modes can differ significantly from those under uniform flows, often involving rich physical mechanisms. This paper reviews recent advances in three representative FSI phenomena: Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of cylinders, flapping of flexible plates, and locomotion of swimming/flying organisms. These phenomena are widely observed in both nature and engineering applications and span self-excited, active, and hybrid FSI modes. First, we compare the response modes under uniform and unsteady wake inflows. Results show that incoming vortices can substantially amplify vibration amplitudes of cylinders and plates, potentially triggering new instabilities. In contrast, biological swimmers may actively exploit incoming vortices by modulating their motions to enhance propulsion efficiency. Furthermore, this paper discusses potential applications of such FSI modes in complex wake flows, including enhanced energy harvesting from flow-induced vibrations and the development of bioinspired robots with improved sensing and decision-making capabilities. Finally, the challenges and future research directions in this area are outlined to guide further exploration.
Advances in matrix engineering and matrix therapy driven by extracellular matrix mechanics
XIE Yizhou, LIU Zhaoxinru, XU Feng, WEI Zhao
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-029
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With the global aging population and high incidence of chronic diseases, major intractable conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, tumors, and diabetes have become primary challenges to public health and socioeconomic development worldwide. Their pathological processes are often accompanied by abnormal remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and disruption of mechanical homeostasis, rendering traditional treatments ineffective in reversing these conditions. Recent studies reveal that actively modulating the mechanical properties of the ECM through principles of materials science and engineering to precisely mediate cellular behavior can effectively activate endogenous tissue repair, significantly promoting tissue regeneration. This research strategy, termed force-materials science, involves actively designing materials to leverage force−structure−function relationships for proactive control of the mechanical environment within biological systems. Based on this concept, this paper proposes: systematically identifying the molecular composition of the ECM from a matrixomics perspective and deconstructing its mechanical information encoding; utilizing matrix biomechanics to understand cell−ECM interaction mechanisms and decipher pathological ECM “re-encoding” processes; and, grounded in deep understanding of the ECM’s mechanical microenvironment, exploring matrix engineering technologies for “de-encoding” abnormal ECM and restoring function by integrating matrix biomechanics principles, ultimately achieving the goal of matrix therapy for endogenous tissue repair. Specifically, this paper introduces the composition and dynamic coding of the ECM, systematically summarizes the physiological/pathological changes in abnormal ECM mechanical microenvironments, and emphasizes the proposal and construction of novel matrix engineering and therapeutic strategies based on molecular targeting and material reconstruction. These efforts aim to provide new theoretical foundations and innovative approaches for the intervention of major intractable diseases and the advancement of regenerative medicine.
Nanofluidics: Flow and transport at nanoscale
YAN Meng, LUAN Shuyong, SHI Deli, GU Yewen, LU Jiajia, XIE Yanbo
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-034
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Nanofluidics studies flow and mass transport in confined systems with characteristic dimensions ranging from about 100 nm down to the sub-nanometer scale. Nanofluidics is not simply a scaled-down version of macroscopic flow, where the predominant forces and boundary conditions are fundamentally different from the macroscopic flows, giving rise to new phenomena and enabling new applications. The development of nanotechnology enables the fabrication of nano- and even sub-nanometer structures, enabling to investigate the flow and transport in such small scales. This review summarizes the state-of-art in nanofluidics, including concepts, open questions, experiments advances, and examples of application. First, we outline the key scientific questions in nanofluidics, including boundary slip in nanochannels, coupling between flow and mass transport, two-phase flow in confinement, and the breakdown of continuum descriptions at the smallest scale. Second, we summarize key nanofabrication techniques and experimental methods used to probe flow and transport in such small confinement. Third, we describe multiscale simulation approaches used in nanofluidics—from continuum models to molecular dynamics and the ab initio simulations—and illustrate how they unvail the mechanisms of flow in nanoscale. Finally, we discuss emerging application areas in nanofluidics, such as drag reduction, energy conversion, chemical engineering, artificial intelligence, advanced manufacturing, and diagnosis. Overall, by bridging molecular-scale dynamics and macroscopic transport, nanofluidics has emerged as an important direction in fluid mechanics with broad interdisciplinary applications.
Research advances in uncertainty quantification and design optimization for flight vehicles
ZHANG Hairui, WANG Yao, HONG Dongpao
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-032
Abstract(733) HTML(268) PDF(135)
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Uncertainty quantification (UQ) and uncertainty-based design optimization (UBDO), as an emerging design paradigm for flight vehicles, provide a systematic methodological framework for addressing the precise characterization, propagation, and design optimization of uncertainties. This paper reviews the core concepts and key technologies in this field. It summarizes the uncertainty challenges associated with critical systems and significant environmental conditions of flight vehicles. Based on the latest research progress, five key research directions are identified: (1) High-dimensional uncertainty quantification and efficient propagation: Constructing an adaptive high-dimensional UQ framework by integrating techniques such as dimensionality reduction, compressed sensing, and low-rank tensor decomposition to effectively address the “curse of dimensionality”. (2) Hybrid uncertainty quantification and efficient propagation: A unified framework is established to accommodate various types of uncertainties—including probabilistic, interval, fuzzy, and evidence theory. The computational efficiency for complex, multi-source uncertainty problems is further enhanced by incorporating surrogate modeling and active learning strategies. (3) Multi-level and multi-fidelity UQ framework: Achieving dynamic and optimal allocation of computational resources across models of varying fidelities by integrating techniques like generalized approximate control variates and adaptive multi-index stochastic collocation. (4) Uncertainty-based design optimization algorithms and frameworks: Unifying probabilistic constraints and robustness metrics within a multi-objective optimization and decision-making framework under uncertainty, enabling trade-off optimization among performance, reliability, and robustness through single-loop and decoupled optimization strategies. (5) Uncertainty design and analysis based on artificial intelligence techniques: Centered on physics-informed neural networks, this direction incorporates physical knowledge and multi-source data to establish intelligent frameworks for uncertainty quantification and optimization.
Research progress on online monitoring technology for metal laser additive manufacturing
JIANG Ce, FENG Wei, LONG Ziyun, WANG Puxiang, ZHAO Jinzhao, ZHENG Bo, XIE Huimin, LIU Zhanwei
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-027
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Abstract:
Metal laser additive manufacturing technology exhibits the capability for precision forming of complex components in high-end fields such as the aerospace, defense, and medicine. However, its broader application in advanced engineering fields remains constrained by manufacturing defects; fluctuations in power density and cooling rate during processing can readily induce defects such as thermally induced porosity and high-stress cracking, thereby posing interdisciplinary challenges for in-situ monitoring and quality control. This paper reviews the establishment of a multi-dimensional detection technology system and systematizes the advancements in key testing methods and technologies. Specifically, mainstream sensing technologies, including optical and acoustic sensing, when integrated with advanced intelligent algorithms, facilitate dynamic identification of surface defects and extraction of internal defect characteristics. Multi-source data fusion further establishes a collaborative analysis framework linking microscopic molten pool behavior to macroscopic geometric accuracy. Additionally, emerging techniques, such as high-speed synchrotron radiation imaging, offer accurate cross-scale online observation tools for investigating the initiation and evolution mechanisms of defects. Current technologies are constrained by challenges such as multi-source noise interference and low synchronization efficiency of multi-physics field data. Future research should focus on the in-depth integration of multi-sensor detection technology with machine learning, explore online intelligent detection approaches, and develop full-process quality prediction models driven by digital twins. This study intends to provide theoretical synthesis and technical pathway analysis to address the common challenges of defect monitoring and forming accuracy control in the additive manufacturing process.
Editorial Note
2026, 56(2): 289-290.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-027
Abstract(37) HTML(10) PDF(5)
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Review
Microgravity science: The new horizon for knowledge expansion and transformative technologies
HE Guowei, ZHOU Jianping, ZHANG Weihong, GU Yidong, ZHANG Panfeng, CHEN Meng, KANG Qi, LONG Mian, TIAN Qiang, ZHANG Lu, BA Jin, ZHU Jihong, WANG Lizhen, LYU Shouqin, LI Zhaobin
2026, 56(2): 291-336.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-043
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Microgravity science is one of the cornerstones of space science and applications. It represents an emerging focal point in the global science and technology arena and stands as a significant hallmark of national competitiveness in space technology. With the completion of China’s space station and the impending retirement of the International Space Station, China’s space station—serving as a national space laboratory—will solicit and carry out over a thousand scientific research projects during its operational lifetime, providing a unique experimental platform and offering unprecedented opportunities for the development of microgravity science in China. Based on the 385th “Shuangqing Forum” of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), this paper summarizes the challenges and difficulties faced by China’s microgravity science and technology research. It reviews the major progress and achievements made in recent years in fields of microgravity fluid physics, microgravity manufacturing and space technology, and microgravity life sciences and biomedical engineering technology. Furthermore, the article identifies the critical scientific issues facing the field of microgravity science and technology in the coming 5 to 10 years, and discusses frontier research directions and suggestions for the development of the discipline.
Theory and technology of high-temperature gas dynamics research and applications
JIANG Zonglin
2026, 56(2): 337-392.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-023
Abstract(659) HTML(252) PDF(297)
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The high-temperature gas dynamics was originated from significant changes of macroscopic laws of the gas flows due to physical property changes of the gas mediums when its temperature become extremely high, which goes beyond basic assumptions and research scopes of the gas dynamics. The high-temperature gas dynamics was developed as the core technology for the next generation of aerospace industries is ceaselessly explored when human activities greatly are expanding into the space. This discipline is one of the best models of the engineering science and leads to the development and innovation of the gas dynamics which is pushed forward by the mechanism of application-driven-research. Four dominant research areas of the high-temperature gas dynamics are selected in this paper to conduct a general review with discussions, hoping to help more or less the development of high-temperature gas dynamics. The first area is about hypersonic ground test facilities and measurement technologies. Three typical high-enthalpy shock tunnels were introduced and have been applied to generate the flow velocity of 1.5 ~ 10 km·s−1 at flight altitudes of 20 ~ 100 km. The advanced test facilities are very important for the frontier expansion of disciplines and the discovery of new phenomena in fluid flow physics. The progress in the research area also highlights this truth. The second area is about theories and experiments of hypersonic gas flows, which include their physical and mathematical models, computational methods and results of experimental observations and measurements. Among them, the development of gas physical models is much slower than expected since it is still limited to applications and improvements of the early-developed physical models. The computational method has been developed rapidly, so there are more and more flow phenomena that can be simulated. The progress on the experimental research also is promising due to some large test-model experiments that reproduced model-scaled effects of the hypersonic flow experiments, from which the high-temperature gas physics phenomena revealed is well consistent with hypersonic flight tests. The third one is about supersonic combustion and scramjet engines. This is a research field that has been hot for several decades, during which theoretical and technical researches had achieved a great progress and flight tests have also yielded fruitful results. However, the development of scramjet engines still cannot meet engineering needs and the scramjet engine theory still has difficulties to explain the problems encountered. Therefore, the research of the supersonic combustion and the scramjet engines urgently needs theoretical innovation and technological breakthroughs. The last is about detonation physics and oblique detonation engines. The oblique detonation engine was both almost in the same time with the scramjet engine together, and its research has received a renewed attention only from the beginning of this century. There have been innovative breakthroughs in detonation theory and oblique detonation research since then. And also, a great progress has been made in the standing oblique detonation engine and the hypersonic shock tunnel technology. The oblique detonation engine accepts the unique pressure-gain combustion phenomenon in nature, having the fastest combustion speed, the highest thermal efficiency for its thermal cycle and low heat loads so that it would have a great advantage over others. Finally, the theories, technologies and experiments are summarized about the four research areas of the high-temperature gas dynamics, with which it is expected to provide this discipline with some useful enlightenments.
Strongly coupled laser thermal-mechanical damage effects
WANG Ruixing, YUAN Wu, MA Te, QIU Cheng, DU Wenqi, ZHANG Tianyi, WANG Gaojie, SONG Hongwei, HUANG Chenguang
2026, 56(2): 393-459.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-042
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With rapid advancement of high-energy laser technology, application scenarios of laser-induced damage effects are expanding to higher-speed engineering structures. The coupling effects among high-energy lasers, high-speed airflow environments, and materials or structures become significantly stronger, thereby markedly influencing thermal and mechanical damage behaviors of lasers and even inducing novel damage mechanisms and failure phenomena. Furthermore, issues such as thermo-mechanical coupling resulting from laser irradiation and the thermo-mechanical-impact-ablation coupling under combined loading of different laser systems further complicate the coupling behaviors of damage effects. Research on strongly coupled laser-induced thermo-mechanical damage effects addresses the latest developmental needs in related fields, involving interdisciplinary integration of optics, heat transfer, materials science, solid mechanics, and fluid mechanics. It constitutes a fundamental scientific challenge common to high-tech domains such as laser weapon effect evaluation, advanced laser manufacturing, and spacecraft protection. This paper systematically reviews recent research progress by domestic and international scholars in this field. It summarizes findings from several key aspects: Novel phenomena and mechanisms of laser-induced thermo-mechanical damage under strong coupling conditions, multi-scale thermo-mechanical ablation mechanisms and models of laser-irradiated composite materials, similarity criteria for laser-induced thermo-mechanical damage under complex loads and environments, multi-field coupled numerical simulation methods, ground simulation testing techniques and in-situ multi-field measurement technologies, laser protection and reinforcement strategies, and laser-based intelligent sensing and damage assessment. Finally, based on current trends, future research directions in this field are prospected. This paper aims to provide theoretical foundations and technical references for both mechanistic studies and engineering applications of strongly coupled laser-induced thermo-mechanical damage effects.
Wide-speed-range hypersonic vehicle aerodynamic configuration: Research progress and future challenges
CUI Kai, CHANG Siyuan, XIAO Yao, LI Guangli, TIAN Zhongwei
2026, 56(2): 460-516.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-009
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Wide-speed-range hypersonic vehicles, characterized by their capabilities for horizontal takeoff and landing, reusability, and flight across vast airspace, are expected to serve as the core platforms for future space round-trip and rapid long-distance delivery missions. The aerodynamic configuration design of these vehicles directly determines their overall performance and technical feasibility, while also confronting multiple fundamental theoretical and engineering challenges, such as multi-physics field coupling and adaptation to a wide speed range. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on aerodynamic configurations in this field, both domestically and internationally. Firstly, it reviews the evolutionary trajectory of typical foreign development projects and conceptual schemes, highlighting that aerodynamic configuration design has shifted from optimizing performance for a single speed regime to a comprehensive trade-off across the entire flight envelope. Subsequently, the current research status of fixed configurations is summarized from four aspects: waveriders, high-pressure capturing wings, bidirectional flying wings, and optimization design for wide-speed-range aerodynamic configurations. Furthermore, the development of morphing technologies is reviewed, and the primary morphing strategies applicable to wide-speed-range hypersonic flight are synthesized. Finally, an in-depth analysis of the core challenges currently facing the design of wide-speed-range hypersonic aerodynamic configurations is conducted at the levels of aerodynamic design, multidisciplinary coupling design, and application. Corresponding future development suggestions are proposed, aiming to provide a reference for research and engineering practice in related fields.
Translation
A few frontier issues in ocean engineering mechanics
LI Jiachun, NIE Bingchuan
2026, 56(2): 517-534.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-044
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Abstract:
In this review, we primarily address the present state of the arts and latest progresses in a few frontier issues mostly relevant to free surface/interface in ocean engineering. They include TC (tropical cyclone) induced extreme surface wave, sloshing of LNG (liquefied natural gas), cavitation/bubble dynamics and VIM (vortex-induced motion) and VIV (vortex-induced vibration). In addition to general description, we mainly focus on the recent advances and challenging aspects of above-mentioned topics. Inspired by the achievements in the previous 70 years, mankind starts a new round of ocean exploration activities. Then, we can find obvious trends: The realm of ocean engineering is expanding from sea surface to deep sea, from low and middle latitude to polar region and from fossil to renewable energy in near future.
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