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Dynamic multiscale topology optimization based on equivalent static load method and structural genome databases
LIN Xianjie, XU Zhiang, GUO Tongtong, BIAN Huiwen, GUO Xu, DU Zongliang
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-002
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Abstract:
A dynamic multiscale topology optimization method based on equivalent static load method (ESLM) and structural genome databases (SGD) is proposed in this paper. This method transforms the complex transient dynamics optimization problem into a multi-condition static optimization problem by ESLM, and replaces the asymptotic homogenization analysis with the pre-trained graph convolutional neural networks (GCNN) model in the structural genome databases, which significantly improves the computational efficiency. In the optimization framework, the moving morphable component (MMC) method is used to describe the macro and micro structures, and the collaborative optimization design between the two scales is realized. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by a numerical example of MBB beam structure under transient load. The results show that the maximum strain energy of the optimized structure is reduced by about 20.80%, the average strain energy is reduced by 51.44%, and the maximum displacement amplitude of the load point is reduced by 72.31%. It shows the superior performance and engineering application potential of this method in multi-scale structural topology optimization and impact resistance design under dynamic conditions.
General synthetic iterative scheme for the simulation of rarefied gas flows
ZENG Jianan, ZHANG Yanbing, LI Qi, SU Wei, WU Lei
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-007
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Rarefied gas transport is prevalent in critical fields such as aerospace, vacuum technology, micro- and nano-systems, and inertial confinement fusion. Particularly in extreme processes like spacecraft atmospheric reentry and near-space hypersonic flight, the flow exhibits prominent multiscale characteristics, accompanied by complex multiphysics coupling effects including molecular internal energy excitation, chemical reactions, and radiation. These features significantly increase the complexity of kinetic modeling, leading to severe computational bottlenecks for conventional numerical methods and restricting the accuracy and efficiency of large-scale engineering simulations. To address these challenges, this paper systematically introduces the general synthetic iterative scheme (GSIS), a multiscale numerical method characterized by both fast-convergence and asymptotic-preserving properties. The core of this method lies in the construction of macroscopic synthetic equations that are physically consistent with the kinetic equations. By leveraging the superior information propagation efficiency of parabolic macroscopic systems to guide the evolution of hyperbolic kinetic equations, GSIS breaks the inherent bottleneck where computational grids and time steps are constrained by the molecular collision scales, enabling unified and efficient simulation across all flow regimes. Theoretical analysis and numerical validation demonstrate that GSIS not only rigorously recovers the macroscopic fluid dynamics description in the continuum limit, but also exhibits exceptional iterative convergence efficiency across the entire range of Knudsen numbers. Furthermore, the GSIS framework possesses remarkable model compatibility and algorithmic extensibility. Through a variety of typical benchmarks, this paper highlights its high-precision and high-efficiency performance in problems involving polyatomic gases, high-temperature radiation, multi-component mixtures, and unsteady complex flows. Concurrently, the GSIS mechanism can be deeply integrated with stochastic particle algorithms, achieving significant acceleration of the Boltzmann and Enskog equations within the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo framework. Additionally, this paper presents the recent progress of GSIS in multiscale aerodynamic shape optimization, flow stability analysis, and turbulence-rarefaction interactions, showcasing its promising applications in frontier areas such as transition and turbulence in near-space hypersonic flight. Overall, GSIS provides an essential tool for multiscale numerical simulations of rarefied gas flows, and offers strong theoretical support and practical pathways for high-reliability, high-efficiency engineering simulations and optimization.
Mode I elastic-plastic fracture theory from the perspective of fracture process zone
LU Longkun
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-041
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The problem of elastoplastic crack propagation in isothermal or room temperature environments, typified by the failure of thin-walled aircraft metallic structures, poses a severe challenge to the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and J-integral theory due to characteristics such as large-scale yielding and stable crack growth. Despite the successive proposal of various parameters—including fracture strain, crack tip opening angle/displacement (CTOA/D), essential work of fracture (EWF), and incremental crack-tip integrals—the distinct physical interpretations, ambiguous interrelationships, and questionable “transferability” of these parameters have severely hindered the development of a unified theory and its engineering applications. To address this dilemma, this paper constructs a unified theoretical framework for elastoplastic fracture, adopting the fracture process zone (FPZ) as the core perspective under the simplifying assumptions of neglecting thermal source effects and body forces. This framework not only offers a unified and self-consistent explanation for historical conundrums such as the Rice paradox but also systematically demonstrates that mainstream parameters, including incremental integrals, CTOA/D, fracture strain, and EWF, are intrinsically equivalent to the driving force on “steady FPZ”, thereby revealing the inherent unity among existing elastoplastic fracture parameters. Furthermore, by elucidating the thermodynamic significance of the power balance laws for a body with an extending crack, the framework establishes the FPZ as an independent thermodynamic system possessing “autonomy”, providing a solid theoretical foundation for the “transferability” of fracture parameters. This paper aims to systematically elaborate on the construction process, core arguments, and academic significance of this theoretical framework.
Cross-scale mechanisms of interfacial coating-enabled synergistic regulation of mechano–thermal properties in energetic composites
ZENG Xin, HE Ruiqin, GUAN Wenfeng, LU Qingshan, MA Wenbin, ZHAO Zhenyu, LU Tian Jian
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-040
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Energetic composites constitute a class of architected material systems whose mechanical, thermal, and safety-related properties can be tailored over a broad design space through multiscale structural design. However, their overall performance is often constrained by degradation mechanisms originating at the particle/matrix interface, including thermal mismatch, stress concentration, and interfacial debonding. These effects are further amplified under extreme service conditions, thereby undermining structural reliability and operational safety. Fundamentally, this challenge reflects a highly coupled multi-objective optimization problem involving mechanical, thermal, and safety performance. Interfacial engineering offers an effective pathway to address this challenge. By introducing functionalized coatings at the particle scale, stress transfer and heat-transport behaviors can be synergistically regulated, enabling energetic composites to access performance regimes in which mechanical robustness and thermal stability coexist. Despite rapid advances in experimental characterization, theoretical modeling, and data-driven approaches, a unified framework that systematically links interfacial architectural design with mechano–thermal synergy remains lacking. This review provides a comprehensive survey of recent progress in interfacial coating strategies for energetic composites. Emphasis is placed on coating material systems, fabrication routes, and microstructural descriptors, together with their influences on macroscopic mechanical and thermal properties. The interfacial coupling mechanisms responsible for coordinated enhancements in stiffness, strength, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion behavior are further elucidated. On this basis, an integrated “materials–microstructure–process–characterization–model–artificial intelligence (AI)” framework is outlined to guide the rational design and scalable manufacture of multifunctional energetic composites and structural components.
Mechanical metamaterials empowering haptic feedback
ZHANG Zhuang, JIA Chen, JIANG Hanqing
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-030
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Touch, as one of the five primary human senses, carries crucial information related to environmental interaction, spatial perception and physical perception. In recent years, with the rapid advancement of human–machine interaction, how to efficiently and realistically reproduce haptic information has become a central challenge in building immersive interaction systems. However, traditional haptic devices are often limited by single functionality, complex structure, bulky size and weak integration, making it difficult to simultaneously achieve multimodal haptic reproduction and wearability. To overcome these bottlenecks, mechanical metamaterials, with their ultra-compact architectures, programmable mechanical properties and multifunctional integration capabilities, have demonstrated remarkable potential in haptic devices. This paper systematically reviews the mainstream functionalities of mechanical metamaterials and the practical integrability with corresponding haptic modalities, highlighting their potentials in haptic systems through programmable Poisson’s ratios, snap-through stabilities, various stiffness, and mode switching. Furthermore, typical haptic feedback application scenarios (VR/XR entertainment, medical rehabilitation, disability assistance and human–machine collaboration) are discussed from a system-level perspective in terms of enabling pathways and integration strategies. Finally, the challenges faced by mechanical metamaterials in haptic feedback are summarized, and future prospects are envisioned in the context of intelligent structural design, micro/nanoscale manufacturing and interdisciplinary convergence.
Research progress on corrosion fatigue behavior and life prediction of magnesium alloys
KANG Guozheng, AO Ni, FU Zhenghong, LI Hang, KAN Qianhua
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-008
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Magnesium alloys, owing to their high specific strength and stiffness, offer significant potential for lightweight structural applications. However, corrosion fatigue remains a critical challenge that limits their reliable use in safety-critical load-bearing components. A comprehensive understanding of corrosion fatigue behavior, together with the development of robust life prediction models and effective protection strategies, is therefore essential to promote their broader engineering application. In this context, the present paper reviews the research progress on the macroscopic behavior, microscopic mechanisms, and life prediction of corrosion fatigue in magnesium alloys. First, it summarizes the effects of intrinsic factors of magnesium alloys, corrosive media, and loading conditions on their macroscopic evolution characteristics of corrosion fatigue. Second, the underlying damage mechanisms are discussed, with particular emphasis on insights gained from in situ and ex situ characterization techniques, as well as commonly employed numerical simulation approaches. Third, the current state of corrosion-fatigue life prediction models is systematically evaluated. Finally, the main findings are summarized, and key challenges and future research directions are highlighted.
Spinodoid non-periodic architected materials: Mechanical performance prediction, design, and applications
ZHANG Jian, YAN Ziming, ZHUANG Zhuo, LIU Zhanli
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-001
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Through structural design, architected materials can achieve extraordinary properties and therefore have found broad applications across biomedical, aerospace, energy, and environmental domains. Incorporating non-periodicity into structural design helps mitigate the brittleness arising from localized failure in conventional periodic materials, leading to improved toughness, damage tolerance, and defect insensitivity. However, the added complexity imposes computational and manufacturing challenges, calling for the development of new theoretical frameworks and design methodologies. Spinodoid materials/spinodal-like materials, characterized by spinodal topology, represent a class of non-periodic architected materials, and the research paradigm established for these materials can be generalized to predict mechanical performance and guide structural design of various complex non-periodic architectures. This review focuses on spinodoid structures as a representative example, introducing their modeling principles, effective mechanical properties, design and manufacturing methods, and typical applications. We summarize the current research and propose future research directions, with the aim of charting a roadmap for non-periodic architected materials based on the advanced methods across the integrated “modeling–design–manufacturing–application" pipeline.
Anomalous diffusion and manipulation of nanoparticles in complex fluid environments
XUE Chundong, ZHENG Xu, HU Guoqing
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-004
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The diffusive behavior of nanoparticles in complex fluid environments is widely observed in natural and industrial processes. In contrast to classical Brownian diffusion, nanoparticles in complex fluids exhibit anomalous diffusion characteristics. Understanding its mechanisms and developing control approaches hold significant scientific importance and application value across fields such as biology, physics, medicine, and engineering. This article provides a systematic review of the research progress on anomalous diffusion of nanoparticles in complex fluid environments. First, the core features of anomalous diffusion that go beyond classical Brownian motion are elucidated, and the main theoretical frameworks and research methods are outlined. Second, mechanisms and models of three specific types anomalous diffusion, i.e., subdiffusion, superdiffusion, and Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion, are introduced in detail. The regulation mechanisms of diffusion behavior based on external field effects and intelligent design are also explored from the perspective of the coupling of mechanics and statistical physics. Finally, key challenges and future directions in modeling, experimental analysis, and applications in this field are summarized.
Basic physics and analytic theory of multi-scale dispersion: A review
GUAN Mingyang, WANG Zhan
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-014
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This review revisits Taylor dispersion in shear flows. Since the classical theory relies on long-time asymptotic expansions of mean concentration, it inevitably overlooks the multi-scale dynamics inherent in early regimes. To address the entire evolution of shear dispersion, we unveil its physical nature as a set of superposable diffusive processes from a Lagrangian perspective—An approach naturally yields an analytic streamwise dispersion model. By formulating an equivalent diffusivity tensor characterized by spatial anisotropy and temporal nonlinearity, we successfully decouple the dynamics of advection and diffusion in laminar and turbulent flows across timescales. Further, we examine the dispersion of active-matter systems, including suspensions of motile micro-organisms and synthetic particles. Special emphasis is placed on the interplay between rotational dynamics and shear dispersion, particularly regarding the anomalous scaling. Finally, we discuss the fundamental significance of analytic theory for shear dispersion in complex systems, with applications spanning from pollutant transport and the hydrodynamic focusing of micro-algae, to the coordinated control of micro-robots.
Research progress and perspectives of low-altitude aerodynamics
LI Hao, WANG Xiuzhen, XU Kecheng, YANG Jun
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-021
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Deep understanding of complex low-altitude wind environments and promoting the development of low-altitude aerodynamics based on unsteady and non-uniform assumptions are of great scientific significance and practical value for ensuring the safety of low-altitude flight. This paper describes the characteristics and underlying causes of complex low-altitude wind fields that are non-uniform and unsteady, and summarizes the major advances in wind tunnel simulation methods, aerodynamic response theories, and flow mechanisms. The authors’ team has built an internationally cutting-edge low-altitude wind tunnel, the “Wind Matrix”. By adopting a multi-fan array, facility enables the customized generation of non-uniform and unsteady incoming flow to simulate complex low-altitude wind environments. Finally, the paper looks ahead to the key issues in this field that urgently need to be addressed.
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