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Viscoelastic behaviors of amorphous alloys in the framework of the quasi-point defect theory
QIAO Jichao, ZHANG Langting, XING Guanghui, HAO Qi, LIANG Shuyi, CUI Jingbo, DUAN Yajuan
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-015
Abstract(95) HTML(33) PDF(18)
Abstract:
Amorphous alloys exhibit complex viscoelastic behaviors due to their unique atomic structure, characterized by dynamic relaxation and static hysteresis features. This not only serves as a core entry point for in-depth understanding of fundamental physical issues such as glass transition, plastic deformation mechanisms, and dynamic heterogeneity, but also provides key theoretical support for the development and engineering application of high-performance amorphous alloys. Currently, how to construct a theoretical framework from the microscopic mechanism that can uniformly describe and predict their complex viscoelastic behaviors remains a core challenge in this field. This paper focuses on the core role and latest progress of the quasi-point defect (QPD) theory in systematically analyzing the viscoelastic behaviors. It deeply explores the application of the QPD theory in analyzing dynamic relaxation and reveals the intrinsic consistency between this theory and fractional models. On this basis, it reviews the intrinsic connection between dynamic relaxation and macroscopic quasi-static viscoelastic deformation, and explains the physical mechanisms behind phenomena such as two-step relaxation and creep, which are dominated by defect movements at different scales. Regarding creep behavior, it particularly discusses the understanding of defect evolution and multi-level power-law creep mechanisms. Additionally, this paper systematically expounds the mechanism of regulating the energy state of amorphous alloys through viscoelastic deformation and how this regulation changes the dynamic relaxation of the material by influencing the concentration, distribution, and cooperative movement of quasi-point defects. This paper aims to demonstrate how to establish the correlation between the microstructure heterogeneity, defect dynamics, and viscoelastic response of amorphous alloys based on the QPD theory, providing a theoretical perspective for understanding and predicting their complex mechanical behaviors.
Intelligent prediction of mechanical properties in metallic materials based on machine learning: A review & perspective
CAO Zhizeng, WANG Guiji, LUO Binqiang
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-026
Abstract(300) HTML(83) PDF(137)
Abstract:
The rapid advancement of machine learning is transforming the research paradigm of mechanical properties of metallic materials from experience-driven to data-driven. This review systematically summarizes recent progress and challenges in machine learning based prediction of mechanical properties in metallic materials. We first outline commonly used ML algorithms and workflows, with an emphasis on cutting-edge methods such as explainable AI and physics-informed machine learning. We then review typical applications and predictive performance of ML models across three scales: micro/mesoscopic properties (e.g., microstructural evolution, fracture behavior), macroscopic properties (e.g., hardness, stress response, fatigue life), and cross-scale coupling properties (e.g., flow stress, yield strength, constitutive parameter inversion), highlighting their advantages in high-throughput computation and multi-scale modeling. Finally, we identify persistent challenges such as data scarcity, heterogeneity, and insufficient accuracy under wide temperature/strain-rate ranges, and propose potential solutions including transfer learning, large language models, and multi-modal fusion. Looking forward, we outline a technical pathway integrating multi-modal data and physical mechanisms for accurate prediction of mechanical behavior under extreme conditions, aiming to advance materials mechanics toward digitalization and intelligence.
A review of construction and test operation for full scale low speed wind tunnels overseas
LIU Xiaobo, GUO Chuwei, LI Wenjia, CHEN Lujun, ZHANG Junlong, DUAN Yuting
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-025
Abstract(291) HTML(91) PDF(76)
Abstract:
The construction background of three full scale low speed wind tunnels in the United States and Russia is briefly introduced. Then, emphasis on tests performed in these wind tunnels are presented, including test operation mode, test model types, test technologies, etc, especially for special test techniques of the full scale wind tunnel. The future development trend of the test techniques is concluded. Research results show that the construction need of full scale wind tunnel is mainly originated from large model aerodynamic test and some related technology development. During model test process, more special attentions are paid to the installation of very large model and the treatment of test failure. The models tested in full scale wind tunnel mainly include airplanes, aerospace vehicles, and energy infrastructures. Additionally, fundamental aerodynamic problem such as rotor flow, acoustic noise can also be resolved in such kind of wind tunnel. As far as the test technique is concerned, conventional measurement method such as force balance, pressure transducer and hot wire anemometer can be used. More importantly, special test techniques developed for full scale model tilting test apparatus, test benches with very large angle of attack, model free flight mechanism, non-intrusive optical measurement and bad weather simulation facility are also been described. The general development trend of test technique is obtained, including going along a direction of providing data with high precision, combining and utilizing various test methods, enabling development with big data in depth, integrating multidiscipline research, developing virtual and augmented reality, etc. Finally, some enlightenments and suggestions are put forward, such as developing test techniques step by step, building professional experimental stand, and highlighting the advantages of large scale and detailed measurements.
Investigation of noise generated by the interactions of coaxial vortex rings
ZANG Zhenyu, ZHOU Zhiteng, WANG Shizhao
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-020
Abstract(95) HTML(40) PDF(19)
Abstract:
The interactions of coaxial vortex rings are the typical flow in subsonic jets and the significant sources of jet noise. Controlling the acceleration and deceleration of vortex rings during the interactions is critical to noise reduction. Previous studies have shown that the radial acceleration of the weaker ring is the dominant contributor to high-amplitude, low-frequency noise. In this work, the conditions under which this phenomenon occurs and the physical laws that govern it are investigated based on Dyson thin-core vortex ring model. By decomposing the acoustic source into the product of the vortex rings’ axial and radial kinematic parameters, the interactions of vortex rings are analyzed under various initial circulation and radius ratios. A critical initial radius ratio is identified, below which the source term related to the radial acceleration of the weaker ring contributes more to the total noise source than that of the stronger ring. Through quantitative analysis of the vortex ring interaction dynamics, the correlation between the peak value of the noise pulse and the peak values of axial velocity and radial acceleration of the rings is established. Moreover, the reverse motion of the stronger ring can induce an out-of-phase pulse in its corresponding acoustic source term.
Resolving physical complexities with machine intelligence
XU Zhiping
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-018
Abstract(328) HTML(112) PDF(124)
Abstract:
Understanding the relationships between material microstructures and their mechanical performance and using them to make predictions are pivotal topics in solid mechanics. From Galileo’s beam bending analysis, Cauchy’s stress definition to Arrhenius-based creep laws, theoretical and simulation frameworks find great success in addressing engineering problems. Yet, the spatiotemporal complexity challenges the conventional ‘observation-hypothesis-model’ approach for structural integrity in key industrial sectors such as aerospace, nuclear energy, and semiconductors. Recent progress and fusion of high-performance computing, high-throughput experiments, data science, and artificial intelligence provide a complementary solution to scientific discovery and engineering deployment on these issues. However, unlike their applications in vision and language domains, engineering science demands stronger data-model inference capabilities. High-quality, physically consistent databases and digital libraries are needed to enhance model performance, generalization, and interpretability. Concepts such as “physics transfer” and “reality reconstruction” offer guiding principles for modeling and predicting complex behaviors. With further support from cognitive science, intelligent agents and physical intelligence are increasingly capable of assisting, or even replacing, researchers in conducting exploration and reasoning in complex, dynamic scenarios. This paper reviews key insights of the complexities in solid mechanics and discusses active research areas through the lenses of learning theory and open science, with particular emphasis on multiscale mechanics and the long-term service behavior of materials and structures.
Review
Design strategies for non-positive Poisson’s ratio mechanical metamaterials and their cushioning and energy absorption characteristics
WANG Weijing, YANG Hang, ZHANG Weiming, MA Li
2025, 55(4): 707-746.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-021
Abstract(372) HTML(93) PDF(140)
Abstract:
Non-positive Poisson’s ratio mechanical metamaterials are a class of architected functional materials that exhibit negative or zero Poisson’s ratio effect at the macroscopic scale through configuration design. Their distinctive capabilities in controlling transverse deformation, maintaining dimensional stability, and enhancing energy absorption confer significant potential for applications in aerospace, marine engineering, transportation, wearable protective equipment, and biomedicine. In recent years, continuous advancements in microstructural design, advanced material fabrication techniques, and multi-material integration methods have driven significant progress in non-positive Poisson’s ratio mechanical metamaterials, particularly in configuration diversity, mechanical response tunability, and multifunctional integration. Guided by the dominant mechanisms that activate transverse deformation, this paper systematically surveys the typical design strategies of non-positive Poisson’s ratio mechanical metamaterials. For negative Poisson’s ratio architectures, the discussion is organized around re-entrant geometries, rotating systems (rotating rigid-body/truss and chiral/anti-chiral configurations), kirigami/origami schemes, elastic instability-induced mechanisms, and rigid-body linkages. Zero Poisson’s ratio architectures are categorized into geometric paradigms, including rectangular/parallelogram-like, semi-re-entrant, positive/negative Poisson’s ratio unit combinations, and rigid-flexible composites. Focusing on performance requirements in cushioning and energy absorption, enhancement strategies include multi-plateau response designs, graded structural architectures, multi-material coupling, and the incorporation of smart materials. At the level of structural integration, technical pathways such as modular assembly, sandwich structure, and intrinsically three-dimensional architectures are reviewed. Finally, by synthesizing recent research progress on non-positive Poisson’s ratio mechanical metamaterials in terms of design and fabrication, performance regulation, and system integration, the current core technical bottlenecks are identified, the key directions for breakthroughs are clarified, and future development pathways for multiscale manufacturing, multifield response integration, and engineering applications are proposed.
Recent advances on data-driven dynamics and control
DING Qian, ZHANG Shu, HUANG Rui, HE Mengxin, XU Yong, HAN Fang, LI Xiang, CUI Lanyun, WANG Qingyun, XU Jian
2025, 55(4): 747-818.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-005
Abstract(2432) HTML(517) PDF(697)
Abstract:
Dynamics and control is a discipline that studies the dynamic mechanisms of systems and their control strategies, and plays an important role in modern engineering and scientific research. The complexity caused by geometric nonlinearity, the non-smoothness of contact forces, and the uncertainty of environmental interferences and multi-physics problems poses significant challenges to dynamic modeling, prediction and intelligent control. The rapid development of data-driven methods has provided new ideas and new research paradigms for addressing these challenges. Recent researches have shown that data-driven methods can not only solve some problems that traditional dynamics methods cannot address but also significantly enhance the ability to predict dynamical behavior and design advanced structures. These methods lay the foundation for intelligent research in dynamics and control and demonstrate great potential and scientific value in the modeling, analysis, and regulation and control of complex systems. This paper briefly reviews the research progress of data-driven methods in areas such as robot motion control, transonic aeroelastic modeling and analysis, dynamics design, stochastic dynamics, neurodynamics, fault diagnosis and remaining useful life prediction of machinery. It also discusses the challenges and trends in these fields.
Fundamental mechanism and multiscale simulations of hydrodynamic cavitating flows
WANG Benlong, LIU Yunqiao
2025, 55(4): 819-853.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-012
Abstract(287) HTML(85) PDF(101)
Abstract:
Hydrodynamic cavitation is a prevalent physical phenomenon in ship propulsion and underwater vehicles. To accurate prediction of cavitation noise prediction and cavitation erosion forecasting, this paper reviews key advances over the past two decades: nuclei and inception mechanisms of cavitation, pressure fluctuations and acoustic propagation across cloud cavitating regions, interaction between cavitation and turbulence, transient impact dynamics during cavity collapse and shock wave generation. Current research status and limitations are discussed through perspectives including phase transition model, multiphase flow simulation methodology, and cavitation-turbulence interactions. A concise overview is presented on multi-scale simulation methodologies for cavitating flows, summarizing recent insights into mixed-phase medium characteristics within cavitating zones and spatiotemporal evolution features of cavity fields derived from meso-scale simulations. For future development in multi-scale modeling and engineering forecasting of cavitating flows, the paper identifies two critical theoretical challenges requiring quantitative characterization: (1) fundamental modeling of vapor-water mixture properties in cavitating regions; and (2) precise representation of spatiotemporal dynamics of cavitating flows.
Recent progress in multi-physics simulation based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics
MA Yibo, SHEN Wenhao, LU Yao, LIU Jiahao, MA Lingxiao, LIU Moubin
2025, 55(4): 854-907.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-003
Abstract(1973) HTML(745) PDF(280)
Abstract:
Many engineering problems involve coupling effects of multiple physical fields, which pose significant challenges for numerical simulations. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a classic meshfree particle method that offers distinct advantages in simulating multi-physics coupling problems and has been widely applied in various fields of sciences and engineering. This paper focuses on recent advances in SPH and its applications in multi-physics simulations. The key topics include: (1) mechano-thermal coupled problems, such as heat and mass transfer, high-speed impacts, casting processes, and additive manufacturing; (2) mechano-thermal-chemical coupled problems, with complex scenarios including shaped charge jet formation and penetration effects, explosive welding, and underwater explosions; (3) mechano-thermal-electromagnetic coupled problems, including electromagnetic flow control and “X-pinch” phenomena. Finally, the future development of the SPH method in simulating multi-physics coupling problems is discussed and prospected.
The progress of damage prediction and fracture analysis of quasi-brittle materials based on peridynamic theory
LAI Xin, LIU Yaxun, LIU Lisheng, LI Shaofan, LI Jun, MEI Hai, ZHANG Jinyong
2025, 55(4): 908-947.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-007
Abstract(572) HTML(162) PDF(162)
Abstract:
Peridynamics, as an emerging non-local continuum theory, has significant advantages over traditional continuum theories in simulating crack initiation and crack propagation along arbitrary paths. It is particularly well-suited for describing transient damage and fracture problems in brittle and quasi-brittle materials. This paper first provides an overview of the basic theory of peridynamics and failure criteria for material fracture and damage. It then presents a detailed review of recent research on damage prediction and fracture modeling of various brittle and quasi-brittle materials (such as ceramics, concrete, glass, and rocks) within the peridynamic framework. Finally, the paper discusses open issues in the peridynamic theory that warrant further investigation for these materials.
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