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Research on impact response characteristics and damage evolution law of transparent ceramics
HAN Guoqing, ZHANG Xianfeng, TAN Mengting, BAO Kuo, LI Yi
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-23-007
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Abstract:
Transparent ceramics have excellent light transmission and impact damage resistance, and are protective materials with excellent performance in the transparent part of weapons and equipment, and have good application prospects in military equipment, aerospace and other national defense fields. Under the same protection index, the surface density of transparent ceramic armor is reduced by more than 50% compared with bulletproof glass. The shell-facing surface layer in transparent ceramic composite armor is the core of the entire armor system. It is important to explore the damage evolution process of transparent ceramics and clarify the loading response characteristics of materials under impact load to grasp the failure mechanism of materials, and it is particularly important to improve the elastic performance of transparent ceramic armor. In this paper, the impact response characteristics of transparent ceramics under static and dynamic loading are systematically reviewed from the experimental research on the impact response of transparent ceramic materials, including experimental technology, strain rate effect, crack growth rate and material failure characteristics. At the same time, the impact failure mechanism of transparent ceramic materials was elucidated based on the impact failure test of ceramic materials, and the damage model, strength criterion and dynamic constitutive model of impact response of transparent ceramic were elaborated on this basis. Finally, the research status of impact response characteristics and numerical simulation technology of transparent ceramic composite packaging is analyzed, and the development trend of impact response characteristics of ceramic materials is discussed, and the design of transparent composite targets is provided. In view of the shortcomings of the current research on the impact response of transparent ceramics, suggestions for future research directions are proposed.
Review on electro-mechanically coupled cyclic deformation and fatigue failure behavior of dielectric elastomers
KANG Guozheng, CHEN Yifu, HUANG Weiyang
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-23-009
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Abstract:
The electro-mechanically coupled cyclic deformation and fatigue failure of dielectric elastomers (DEs) has attracted more and more attention in the design and life-assessment of related functional devices. Thus, to prompt the developments of soft robots and other related fields, the progress in the experimental and theoretical researches on the electro-mechanically coupled cyclic deformation and fatigue failure of DEs is reviewed in this work as follows: At first, the cyclic deformation and its evolution feature of DEs presented under the mechanical and electro-mechanically coupled loading conditions are summarized by specifically addressing the cyclic softening, ratchetting, fatigue failure and their electro-mechanical coupling effect; then, the existing constitutive models describing the mechanical and electro-mechanically coupled deformations of DEs are reviewed by discussing the capability of proposed hyperelastic, visco-hyperelastic and visco-hyperelastic-plastic constitutive models to reproduce the cyclic deformation of DEs and its electro-mechanical coupling effect; finally, the progress in the researches on the electro-mechanically coupled failure of DEs is outlined by addressing the low-cycle fatigue failure of DEs subjected to a kind of electro-mechanically coupled large deformation. Based on the comprehensive review on the existing literature, some topics are also recommended in this work for the future research, which are helpful to prompt the development of related fields concerning the DEs.
Review of numerical simulation methods for hypersonic and high-enthalpy non-equilibrium flow
GAO Zhenxun, JIANG Chongwen, LI Chun-Xuan
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-22-051
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High performance simulation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be mutually verified with hypersonic flight tests and high enthalpy ground equipment experiments, and will play a more important role in the research of thermochemical non-equilibrium effects and the development of future hypersonic vehicles. The paper reviews the research progress of CFD method of thermochemical non-equilibrium flow at home and abroad, summarizes the current situation and development trend of related thermochemical models, numerical schemes and development of CFD software, and finally points out the problems that should be paid attention to in basic research, software development, simulation application in the future. (1) In terms of thermochemical models, the commonly used temperature models are not completely accurate. The multi-vibrational temperature model has development potential, but is limited in engineering applications. The state-state models are more accurate but its simulation technology is not yet mature. More accurate thermodynamic transport models, finite-rate chemical reaction models, vibration-dissociation coupling models and surface effect models are important physical models to improve the accuracy of thermochemical nonequilibrium simulation, which are worthy of in-depth study. (2) In terms of numerical methods, multi-physical field coupling simulation is a hot issue and trend in the CFD research of hypersonic thermochemical nonequilibrium flows, which raises higher requirements for the robustness and convergence for CFD methods, and is worthy of special attention and research. In addition, the commonly used numerical schemes need to be remodeled based on the characteristics of thermochemical nonequilibrium flows, and the computational reliability of RANS method in thermochemical nonequilibrium turbulence simulation still needs to be verified and confirmed. (3) In terms of numerical software, the numerical solver based on structured/unstructured hybrid grid is more suitable for the requirements of industrial applications. The future hypersonic numerical software should have stable and robust solver for multidisciplinary multi-physical field coupling solution, and can satisfy the simulation requirements of larger grid scale and large-size complex shapes. (4) The computational efficiency of thermochemical nonequilibrium flow simulation can be improved by comprehensively employing a variety of acceleration techniques. The computational stiffness is a common fundamental problem in the research of thermochemical nonequilibrium numerical simulation method, and the stiffness elimination method still needs further study and develop.
Advances in control of turbulence by artificial intelligence: Systems, algorithms, achievements and data analysis methods
WU Zhi, FAN De Wei, ZHOU Yu
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-22-045
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Turbulence control involves fluid dynamics and control theory, and is of great importance to many fields such as aeronautics and astronautics, vehicle, wind power generation, etc. Due to the complexity of turbulence, traditional control methods face many bottlenecks in the field of turbulence control. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology provides a tool to break through these bottlenecks. This paper briefly summarizes the applications of AI in turbulence control reported in the literature, focusing on AI control systems, algorithms, and the outstanding achievements achieved in different turbulence control applications, as well as the first attempt by the author's team to analyze the big data generated by the AI control system to discover important information and even the control scaling law. The challenges and future prospects are also analyzed.
Prospects of multi-paradigm fusion methods for fluid mechanics research
ZHANG Weiwei, WANG Xu, KOU Jiaqing
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-22-050
Abstract(483) HTML(113) PDF(164)
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Experimental observation, theoretical research and numerical simulation are the basic research paradigms in many disciplines, including fluid mechanics. Since the 21st century, artificial intelligence based on big data has become an important driving force, leading to new scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. This is known as the data-intensive scientific research paradigm, which forms the fourth research paradigm. Similarly, data-driven machine learning has also become an emerging research direction in fluid mechanics and promoted the progress in intelligent fluid mechanics. However, compared to traditional data-intensive research paradigm that relies on "Internet and big data", research on intelligent fluid mechanics has its own unique background. For example, compared to high-dimensional flow state, geometric boundary conditions, and the inherent high-dimensional, cross-scale, random, and nonlinear characteristics of complex flow, research in data-driven fluid mechanics essentially handles large data but small samples. Although there are three major research paradigms in fluid mechanics, the integration among research paradigms is very low, where engineering optimization simply corrects data from multiple sources. Multi-source data fusion can alleviate several dilemmas, like small data sample from a single source, difficulties in modelling, and the insufficient utilization of low-fidelity data, it still fails to fully integrate theoretical models, expert knowledge and experience from the basic paradigms.Therefore, based on the fourth paradigm driven by artificial intelligence, the organic combination of three major research topics including experiment, theoretical model and numerical simulation, developing date and knowledge jointly driven multi-paradigm fusion methods for fluid mechanics, have become urgent to solve major practical engineering problems, as well as to satisfy the need for the development of the connotation and the characteristics of fluid mechanics in the new era.
Review of dynamics simulation methods for multi-field coupling systems
WANG Guoping, TAO Ling, RONG Bao, RUI Xiaoting
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-22-043
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Modern engineering system is usually a multi-field coupling system with complex structure/mechanical system as the main body, which integrates thermal, electromagnetic, fluid and other subsystems. The dynamics modeling of these systems are complex and their numerical calculate are also difficult, which bring unprecedented challenges to the efficient and accurate evaluation and design optimization of the system dynamic characteristics. In this paper, the research progress of multi-field coupling dynamics simulation methods for complex engineering systems are reviewed in detail, including the basic strategies of multi-field coupling dynamics modeling and numerical solution, mesh deformation processing method, coupling data exchange technology, numerical calculation efficiency, etc. On this basis, for uncertain multi-field coupling engineering systems, their uncertainty analysis and reliability evaluation methods under single and hybrid uncertainties are discussed in detail. This review paper is expected to provide some useful references for related researchers.
Stochastic resonance of multi-stable dynamical systems: A review
JIN Yanfei, XU Pengfei, LI Yongge, MA Jinzhong, XU Yong
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-22-047
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The nonlinear stochastic dynamical system has been an important subject in areas of mechanics, mathematics, engineering and so on, and finds various applications in different fields like mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, and biology. The multi-stable dynamical systems are conceptual nonlinear systems, coupling with stochastic excitations, which can exhibit complex dynamical behaviors, such as stochastic resonance and stochastic bifurcation. The stochastic resonance theory has been utilized effectively in many areas related to stochastic dynamics such as mechanical fault diagnosis, weak signal detection and vibration energy harvesting. This paper overviews the fundamental theories, methods and engineering applications of stochastic resonance in multi-stable dynamical systems. We introduce recent advances in theories and measure index of stochastic resonance via several classic examples of nonlinear dynamical systems. Then, we summarize the results of multi-stable dynamical systems under the excitation of different types of noise. The tri-stable and periodic systems are illustrated to show the occurrence principle, evolution mechanism and investigated techniques. Finally, three engineering applications of multi-stable dynamical systems are surveyed. Some open problems are presented to close this paper.
Ballistic performance of lightweight cellular sandwich structures: A review
CUI Tianning, QIN Qinghua
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-23-002
Abstract(606) HTML(95) PDF(225)
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The classical cellular sandwich panels composed of two thin, stiff face sheets separated by a novel cellular core are a class of promising advanced lightweight multi-functional structures, possessing high specific stiffness, high specific strength, excellent mitigation and energy absorption, and high designability. Cellular sandwich structures have been paid much attention in many fields, such as the aerospace industry, transportation and structural protection. Moreover, the success cases have been presented in practical engineering applications. In order to clarify the mechanisms of penetration and energy dissipation and extend the application ranges, investigations on ballistic performance of lightweight cellular sandwich structures are reviewed and prospected. Firstly, the structural features and types of lightweight cellular sandwich structures are summarized. Next, mechanisms of penetration and energy dissipation, and lightweight design are reviewed systematically. Finally, the problems and challenges existing in the current research on ballistic performance of lightweight cellular sandwich structures are prospected.
Review on research progress of nonlinear vibration isolation and time-delayed suppression method
SUN Xiuting, QIAN Jiawei, QI Zhifeng, XU Jian
 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-22-048
Abstract(844) HTML(284) PDF(281)
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Vibration problem is closely related to human daily life and the development of science and technology. Undersigned vibration would affect human health, also cause the failure of buildings, mechanical equipment and precision instruments. In the fields of aerospace, automotive engineering, marine engineering, large structure and precision instrument processing, elastic components or control devices are utilized to form effective vibration isolation environment. Effective vibration isolation can improve the safety, stability, controllability and comfort of human and equipment. However, the design method based on linear theory appears irreconcilable contradiction for applications. The stiffness of the vibration isolation structure reduces for wider band for vibration isolation, which results the decrease of loading capacity. In this paper, the high-static-low-dynamic design methods of nonlinear vibration isolators are reviewed in detail. Based on the dynamic modeling and analysis of nonlinearity induced by different mechanisms, the quasi-zero stiffness design criteria are presented, which provides the selection principle of the kind of isolator in aerospace, precision machining, automobile and ship. Then, attentions are paid on the design methods of bionics and metastructure for vibration suppression, which causes new problems and challenges in the explanation on mechanical bionic mechanism and regulation on the nonlinear restoring force constitutive. The studies on new methods, strategies and experimental techniques are introduced. Finally, faced to the development of light-weight and flexibility of structures, the vibration isolation effect is limited by the flexibility of parts. Even through coupling multi-layer quasi-zero-stiffness structures are assembled, it is difficult to realize the rapid positioning of the isolated structure in space. Considering the amplitude and frequency modulation by time delay, different design methods of vibration suppression with time delay are proposed. Successful cases of time-delayed suppression of flexible low-frequency vibration are given, which provides a possibility for effective, simple and rapid active vibration isolation and vibration elimination under extreme working conditions. In the future, based on the new analysis method according to data-driven, the nonlinear vibration isolation and suppression technology would realize more accurate and intelligent control effect in complex working conditions.
Review
Progress in turbulent thermal convection in the past decade and outlook
XIE Yichao, ZHANG Lu, DING Guangyu, CHEN Xin, XI Hengdong, XIA Keqing
2023, 53(1): 1-47.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-22-024
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Turbulent convection is ubiquitous in nature and industry. Turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) is a model system for studying various turbulent convection phenomena. One of the characteristics of turbulent RBC is the formation of coherent structures of different scales, i.e., large-scale circulation and thermal plumes. These structures interact with the thermal and viscous boundary layers. As a result, they inevitably affect the transport properties of the system. Thus, understanding the formation, evolution, and interaction of coherent structures plays a vital role in understanding the transport properties in turbulent convection. This review summarizes progress in the spatial and temporal evolution of coherent structures and their effects on heat transport in the past decade. Special attention was paid to the progress in controlling turbulent convection and its extension to nontraditional cases, such as turbulent convection with rotation, viscoelastic turbulent convection, multiphase turbulent convection, inclined convection, and horizontal convection. A short outlook into future research directions will be given.
Cellular mechanobiology: Mediated by force-sensitive adhesion receptors
ZHANG Huan, ZHAO Guoqing, FENG Jinteng, LIN Min
2023, 53(1): 48-153.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-22-029
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As the interface between cells and their external environment for materials and energy exchange, the cell membrane is an important structure that regulates cellular activities. Representative transmembrane force-sensitive receptors, such as integrins and cadherins, are found to play key roles in mediating cellular interactions with the ECM or adjacent cells. These interactions will then transduce mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, which in turn activate a series of intracellular signaling cascade, and ultimately affect cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis etc. The investigation of cellular mechanobiology regulated by force-sensitive adhesion receptors has thus become the key to explore the mechanobiological mechanisms of cellular actively in response to complex mechanical microenvironments. This provides valuable theoretical and experimental basis for further understanding of the changes in cell functions under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as for revealing the mechanism of disease development. This review summarizes the cutting-edge progresses in cellular mechanobiology regulated force-sensitive adhesion receptors. This review begins by introducing the structure and function of force-sensitive receptors at the adhesion interface, and followed by elaborating systematic mathematical models of how cells sense and respond to mechanical signals mediated by these receptors. It also outlines the processes of mechanical signal transduction through force-sensitive receptors, and the mechanobiological mechanism of adhesion-mediated changes in cell functions. In addition, the techniques for constructing of in vitro mechanical microenvironment that mimic cell-ECM (via integrin ligation) and cell-cell (via cadherin ligation) interactions are described. Finally, we identify the future directions of mechanobiology in terms of force-sensitive receptors regulated cell functions.
Review on origami kinematics
CHEN Yan, GU Yuanqing
2023, 53(1): 154-197.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-22-040
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Origami is no longer a folk art with the development of origami engineering in this century, in which a lot of previous work of mathematicians has surfaced and the engineering applications present new challenges to describe the folding process of rigid origami. Meanwhile, origami is not limited to the thin sheet, the folding and unfolding of thick panels have always hindered their related engineering applications. Recently, the development of metamaterials has brought a leap from toys to high technology for modular origami. How to coordinately set up the origami modules to enable the entire structure with excellent and tunable performance is a new hotspot in modular origami. Hence, origami kinematics has played a decisive role in many applications and explorations. This review focuses on the developed mechanism theories and their applications in the analysis and design of origami structures, which hopefully could be able to provide the theoretical foundation for origami engineering.
Advances and challenges in sports biomechanics
LIU Chenglin, HAO Weiya, HUO Bo
2023, 53(1): 198-238.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-22-030
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The early concept of sports biomechanics refers to biomechanics in sports, which mainly solves the problems of performance enhancement and injury prevention. With the integrated development of related disciplines, the research of sports biomechanics has been extended to the fields of biology, medicine, mechanics, et al. The advance of intelligent testing, big data and artificial intelligence technologies greatly promotes the experimental measurement technologies and simulation methods of sports biomechanics. The renewal of technology and method has gradually expanded and deepened the research content and direction of this discipline and also offered new challenges. This review summarizes the recent advances and points out the development trends and key issues in sports biomechanics. The muscle constitutive theory and calculation of muscle force are the key points in the theoretical modeling and simulation calculation of sports biomechanics. The new testing methods play important role in the competitive sports. Among them the human key point detection algorithm based on deep learning has made a breakthrough in solving the non-contact measurement of competitive sports. The macroscopic damage mechanism of bone, ligament, cartilage, muscle and other tissues has been clarified, but the prediction of their early damage and the mechanism of cross-scale damage still need to be further studied. Intelligent wearable equipment, artificial intelligence and other new technologies have been applied to the research of sports biomechanics and become the hot topics. This review shows that the current research of sports biomechanics is developing towards intelligence, individualization and quantification, integrating with the related disciplines, and continuously promoting the development of scientific and technological innovation in sports, health, medical and other fields.
Research Letters
Study on epoxy-based shape memory polymer composites for Mars explorations
ZHANG Dou, LIU Liwu, XU Pengfei, ZHAO Yinzhong, LI Qifeng, LAN Xin, ZHANG Fenghua, WANG Linlin, WAN Xue, ZOU Xin, ZENG Chengjun, XIN Xiaozhou, DAI Wenxu, LI Ying, HE Yanchun, LIU Yanju, LENG Jinsong
2023, 53(1): 239-255.   doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-22-041
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The Mars exploration mission is a major landmark project in building a powerful aerospace country and a milestone project for China's aerospace to move further into deep space. Advanced materials integrating structures with functions can do a favor. Shape memory polymers and their composites, as typical smart materials, can effectively reduce the payload while achieving autonomous deformation, and have been successfully applied to geosynchronous orbit. Therefore, we investigate the feasibility of applying these new materials to Mars explorations. Firstly, according to the requirements of the “Tianwen-1” mission, a self-deployable flag mechanism was proposed. Then from the perspectives of static tensile mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis and shape memory performance, γ and UV irradiation and long-term storage (temperatures (−196 ℃, 25 ℃ and 85 ℃) for 30 days and −196 ℃ for 457 days) effects on shape memory polymer composites were investigated. Finally, according to the photos from the “Zhurong” rover, the National Flag of China was successfully released, and the flag pattern was clear and distinct. This shows that the shape memory polymer composites have been successfully applied to Mars explorations. In the future, it is expected to assist China’s Mars sample return program and other interstellar exploration missions in diverse structural architectures.
News
2023, 53(1): 256-269.  
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2023, 53(1): 270-272.  
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