Interfacial Stability Mechanisms at the Micro- and Nanoscale: From Nanobubbles to Nanodroplets

MA Xiaotong; LI Mingbo; GAO Yawen; CHEN Changsheng; SUN Chao

doi:10.6052/1000-0992-26-024

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Article Navigation > Advances in Mechanics > 2026 > Accepted Manuscript

Ma X T, Li M B, Gao Y W, Chen C S, Sun C. Interfacial Stability Mechanisms at the Micro- and Nanoscale: From Nanobubbles to Nanodroplets. Advances in Mechanics, in press doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-024

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Ma X T, Li M B, Gao Y W, Chen C S, Sun C. Interfacial Stability Mechanisms at the Micro- and Nanoscale: From Nanobubbles to Nanodroplets. Advances in Mechanics, in press doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-024

Ma X T, Li M B, Gao Y W, Chen C S, Sun C. Interfacial Stability Mechanisms at the Micro- and Nanoscale: From Nanobubbles to Nanodroplets. Advances in Mechanics, in press doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-024

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Interfacial Stability Mechanisms at the Micro- and Nanoscale: From Nanobubbles to Nanodroplets

doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-024 cstr: 32046.14.1000-0992-26-024

1.
School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
2.
School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
3.
Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
4.
School of Low-Carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

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Corresponding author: chaosun@tsinghua.edu.cn
Received Date: 2026-01-01
Accepted Date: 2025-03-04

Available Online: 2025-05-06

Abstract

Abstract

Micro- and nanoscale gas–liquid and liquid–liquid interfaces are ubiquitous in natural and engineering systems, where their physicomechanical behaviors differ significantly from those of macroscopic systems due to pronounced scale effects. Nanobubbles and nanodroplets represent typical soft-matter interfacial systems that can maintain long-term stability under extremely high Laplace pressures, leading to long-standing stability paradoxes. For nanobubbles, their persistent existence deviates significantly from the classical predictions of the Epstein–Plesset diffusion model, whereas nanodroplets exhibit nonequilibrium stabilization beyond the applicability of Ostwald ripening theory. Within the frameworks of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, this review systematically summarizes the stability mechanisms and evolutionary behaviors of surface nanobubbles, bulk nanobubbles, and nanodroplets. The roles of contact-line pinning and interfacial gas supersaturation in regulating gas diffusion from surface nanobubbles are discussed, together with the stabilization mechanisms of bulk nanobubbles arising from interfacial charge accumulation, ion-specific adsorption, and diffusion shielding. The responses of nanobubble systems to variations in solution conditions and mechanical perturbations are further reviewed. In addition, the nucleation dynamics of nanodroplets in multicomponent solutions and the entropy-driven metastable stabilization mechanisms of surfactant-free microemulsions are discussed. Finally, by comparing curvature effects, interfacial tension corrections, and molecular arrangements at interfaces, a unified physicomechanical framework connecting nanobubbles and nanodroplets is established. Perspectives on multiscale modeling, in situ characterization techniques, and applications in energy and environmental fields are also provided.
- nanobubbles,
- nanodroplets,
- gas-liquid interface,
- stability,
- micro/nanofluidics

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References(186)

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