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摘要: 开展风-列车-桥梁 (简称风-车-桥) 耦合振动研究是保障强风下桥上列车安全运行的重要手段之一. 近二十年来, 国内外学者在该领域进行了大量研究, 积累了丰硕的研究成果. 风-车-桥耦合振动研究主要包括三个方面, 即车-桥系统气动特性、风-车-桥系统动力响应计算和行车安全评估与防控. 首先, 车-桥系统气动特性研究的主要目的是分析车-桥系统气动干扰机理以及准确获取作用在车辆和桥梁上的风荷载. 根据桥上车辆是否移动, 可分为静止车辆和移动车辆两种情形. 其次, 在获得车-桥系统风荷载的基础上, 需求解风-车-桥系统以获得车辆通过桥梁全过程的动力响应时程曲线. 该方面研究主要包括车-桥系统建模方法、风-车-桥系统动力计算理论以及高效计算方法. 再次, 基于已获得的动力响应, 最终目的是评估强风下桥上车辆的行车安全性以及提出防控措施. 该方面主要包括行车安全评估指标和方法, 以及强风下保障列车行车安全的主要防控手段. 最后, 结合风-车-桥耦合振动领域目前存在的主要问题与新技术发展, 对未来重点研究方向进行了展望, 以促进本研究领域的发展.Abstract: Researching the coupling vibration of wind-train-bridge systems is one of the crucial means to ensure the safe operation of trains on bridges under strong wind conditions. In the last two decades, domestic and foreign scholars have conducted extensive research in this field, accumulating fruitful research results. The study of the coupling vibration of the wind-train-bridge system mainly includes three aspects: the aerodynamic characteristics of the train-bridge system, the calculation of the coupling vibration of the wind-train-bridge system, and the evaluation, prevention, and control of driving safety. Firstly, the primary purpose of studying the aerodynamic characteristics of the train-bridge system is to analyze the aerodynamic interference mechanism of the train-bridge system and accurately obtain the wind loads acting on the train and bridge. Depending on whether the train on the bridge is stationary or moving, it can be divided into two cases, i.e., stationary train and moving train. Secondly, on the basis of obtaining wind loads on the train-bridge system, it is necessary to solve the dynamic response of the wind-train-bridge system to obtain the response time-history curve of the entire process of the train passing through the bridge. This research mainly involves modeling methods for the train-bridge system, solving theories of wind-train-bridge coupling vibration equations, and using efficient calculation methods. Thirdly, based on the obtained dynamic response, the ultimate goal is to evaluate the driving safety of trains on the bridge and propose prevention and control measures. This research mainly includes the evaluation indicators and methods of driving safety and the main preventive and control measures for ensuring the driving safety of trains under strong wind conditions. Finally, in conjunction with the main issues existing in the field of the coupling vibration of wind-train-bridge systems, prospects for future research directions are provided to promote the development of this research field.
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图 14 行车安全指标随车速变化规律(李小珍 等 2022)
图 15 不同车速下风速阈值曲线(Montenegro P A et al. 2022)
表 1 我国行车安全评估指标限值
评估指标 高速、城际铁路 客货共线铁路 重载铁路 机车 货车 脱轨系数(Q/P) ≤0.8 ≤0.8 ≤0.8 ≤1.0 轮重减载率(∆P/P) ≤0.6 轮对横向水平力Q(kN) ≤10 + P0/3 ≤80 ≤0.90(15 + (Pst1 + Pst2)/2) ≤0.85(15 + (Pst1 + Pst2)/2) 注: 表中Q为车轮作用于钢轨上的横向力, 单位kN; ∆P为轮重减载量, 单位kN; P为车轮作用于钢轨上的垂直力, 单位kN; P0、Pst1、Pst2为车轮静轮重, 单位kN. 
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