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摘要: 随着防护对象由大型固定基础设施向多域机动装备及智能无人平台拓展, 强动载防护设计的主导矛盾逐步由极端载荷下的安全底线保障, 转向资源受限条件下的效能提升, 以及针对复杂载荷环境的效率优化. 本文从防护需求、设计理念及典型策略出发, 系统梳理并归纳三类强动载防护模式. 第一模式以关键基础设施为代表, 强调强化硬抗, 通过提升静不定度、增韧薄弱环节等策略形成性能集成, 以保证整体安全与关键功能稳定; 第二模式主要面向多域机动装备, 强调物尽其用, 通过波−构型相互作用、动量/能量分配协同等策略实现轻质构型增益; 第三模式聚焦智能无人平台与精密功能设备, 强调对症下药, 通过对载荷时域、频域和空域特征的适配实现结构性能及响应特性的针对性优化调节. 三类模式的力学设计遵循效果保证、效能提升与效率优化的层级递进与辩证统一, 共同指向对载荷传播、能量转化、结构响应及毁伤演化的合理调控. 工程实践中, 应以第一模式守住安全底线, 以第二模式减少资源代价, 再以第三模式针对具体威胁特征获取额外的适配收益. 本文讨论了不同防护需求与场景约束下各设计模式的共性力学逻辑与组合运用策略, 为强动载防护由经验驱动向原理驱动、由定势设计向智能调控发展提供依据.Abstract: As protection targets expand from large-scale fixed infrastructure to multi-domain mobile equipment and intelligent unmanned platforms, protective design against intense dynamic loading increasingly requires not only safety assurance under extreme loads but also enhanced effectiveness under resource constraints and improved efficiency in complex loading environments. Based on protection requirements, design philosophies, and representative strategies, three protective modes are identified. The first mode, represented by critical infrastructure, emphasizes robust hardening. It integrates protective capabilities by increasing the degree of structural static indeterminacy and toughening vulnerable components, thereby maintaining overall safety and critical functions. The second mode, primarily targeting multi-domain mobile equipment, emphasizes efficient resource utilization. It achieves performance gains through lightweight configurations by exploiting wave–configuration interactions and coordinated redistribution of momentum and energy. The third mode, focused on intelligent unmanned platforms and precision functional equipment, emphasizes load-specific adaptation. It enables targeted optimization of structural properties and dynamic responses according to the time-domain, frequency-domain, and spatial characteristics of loading. The three modes represent a progression from protection assurance to effectiveness enhancement and efficiency optimization, while remaining complementary in practice. Their common mechanical basis lies in controlling load propagation, energy conversion, structural response, and damage evolution. In engineering applications, the first mode establishes a safety baseline, the second reduces the resources required to achieve it, and the third provides additional benefits through adaptation to specific threats. By clarifying the shared mechanical principles of these modes and their combined application under different protection requirements and operational constraints, this review provides a basis for advancing protective design from experience-driven to mechanics-based approaches and from fixed configurations to intelligent regulation.
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图 2 基于原位聚合的水泥基复合材料多尺度协同改性(Yin et al. 2023). (a)丙烯酰胺单体原位聚合 (IPAM) 与聚乙烯醇 (PVA), (b)丙烯酰胺单体原位聚合 (IPAM) 与碳酸钙晶须 (CW)
图 3 纤维增强混凝土材料配比设计(Zhao C et al. 2023). (a)高强纤维增强混凝土劈裂拉伸试验, (b)SMP拔出过程中晶须增加摩擦阻力的机理
图 4 隧道膨胀室尺寸与混凝土掩体厚度对爆炸冲击防护能力的影响. (a)狭长防护隧道内爆炸能量通畅传播(Shin et al. 2024), (b)大空间腔体内冲击波反复反射衍射导致能量快速发散(Shin et al. 2024), (c)考虑爆炸装药形状和埋设深度的混凝土掩体安全厚度设计(Fan et al. 2023)
图 5 结构稳定性、冗余性与超静定性的研究(Biondini et al. 2008). (a)局部受损状态下不同超静定次数(I)的拉杆系统, (b)同一载荷比η水平下损伤指数δ和超静定次数I对结构稳定性ρ的影响
图 6 高强钢箱形柱−工字梁的盖板加强型节点设计(Jiang S et al. 2023). (a)柱−梁节点的盖板加强方法, (b)未加强与加强型节点的等效层剪力−塑性层间位移角滞回曲线
图 7 钢桁架结构在局部构件初始失效后的再承载能力(Reyes-Suárez et al. 2025). (a)六种基本的二次抵抗机制 (相互作用引发初始构件失效后载荷重新分布), (b)不同类型的初始构件失效情况, (c)每种情况下轴力和弯矩的变化
图 9 圆柱形浮式液化天然气平台的最优防爆墙布局设计以减轻气体扩散和爆炸风险(Li J et al. 2017). (a)圆柱形浮式液化天然气平台 (FLNG) 几何模型, (b)防爆墙布局设计 (防爆墙以红线表示) 及其气体爆炸模拟结果, (c)不同防爆墙布局方案下生活区平均超压对比
图 10 韧性防护理论体系. (a)韧性防护理论体系的五个维度(王明洋 等 2026), (b)基于数字孪生技术的韧性防护理论体系(王明洋 等 2026), (c)韧性设计的三个层次(卢浩 等 2023), (d)某水下输气管线脆性设计与韧性设计对比(卢浩 等 2023)
图 11 面向快速修复和应急部署的模块化/装配式韧性部件构造方法(Zhu Y & Filipov 2024). (a)多路径折叠运动使MUTOIS能够在收起状态和承载状态之间进行重构, (b)均匀厚度设计可实现力的对齐传递, 从而提升承载能力, (c)局部模块化: MUTOIS由重复的三角形面板构成, 支持使用不同材料、开孔以及多种结构形式, (d)局部模块化还使得当一个或多个面板受损时, MUTOIS能够快速修复并重复使用, (e)全局模块化: 矩形特征使多个MUTOIS单元能够重新配置并相互连接, 形成具有不同形状和功能的适应性结构
图 13 使用混合神经网络预测数百万种复杂构型薄壁管状结构的压溃响应(Qin et al. 2026)
图 14 TrussGPT: 一种由大语言模型驱动的桁架超材料逆向设计框架(Lin J et al. 2026). (a)基于TrussGPT的设计交互 (自然语言查询与响应: TrussGPT用自然语言回答用户关于桁架超材料的问题. 性能预测与逆向设计: 给定上传的桁架结构, TrussGPT预测泊松比分量, 并根据目标值生成新的构型设计, 生成的结构可保存为文件并进行可视化. 应力−应变条件生成: TrussGPT根据上传的应力−应变曲线生成对应的桁架结构. 用户提问显示为浅蓝色气泡, 而TrussGPT的响应则显示为浅红色气泡), (b)TrussGPT基于应力−应变目标的两种采样方式的性能对比 (确定性采样: 每个目标应力−应变曲线只生成一个结构, 其预测响应与目标高度吻合. 随机采样: 每个目标曲线生成多个不同结构, 表现在相似应力−应变约束下的设计多样性. 图中目标曲线为蓝色实线, TrussGPT生成的曲线以红色虚线表示. NRMSE值量化了目标与生成曲线之间的归一化均方根误差)
图 15 通过构型设计增强多胞结构不可恢复变形以提高能量吸收. (a)轻质混合型膨胀复合板在提升装甲车辆和防护结构抗爆性能中的应用以及负泊松比芯层在受力区域局部致密化(Imbalzano et al. 2018), (b)常规胞元 (RC) 和增强型胞元 (EERC) 的几何构型及其在不同TNT当量下的力学性能(Wu S et al. 2026)
图 16 仿生珍珠层状设计诱导裂纹偏转和层间剪切形成多重曲折的吸能路径. (a)裂纹偏转(Wei Z & Xu 2021)(三维模型与冲击试验后裂纹扩展路径), (b)层间剪切(Li Z et al. 2026)(类珍珠层结构剪切模型及爆炸加载作用下应变能密度分布)
图 17 弹丸冲击下超高分子量聚乙烯纤维体系的吸能机制(Joshi et al. 2024). (a)单根UHMWPE纱线的响应过程, (b)主纱线与次纱线的横向偏转
图 18 碳纳米管纤维的制备、结构与性能(Zhang X et al. 2024). (a)多尺度结构优化策略制备高性能碳纳米管纤维, (b)碳纳米管纤维的结构表征, (c)碳纳米管纤维与其他纤维的力学性能对比
图 19 密度梯度柱壳链的弹性波传播特性研究. (a)典型链式构型的应力传递特性(Peng K et al. 2026), (b)不同密度梯度链冲击端与约束端的位移时程以及全局应变分布(彭克锋 等 2022)
图 20 梯度泡沫夹层结构的冲击响应(Zhou J et al. 2013). (a)梯度泡沫芯层堆叠结构及其仿真模型网格、边界条件和载荷条件设置, (b)基于梯度泡沫芯材与单一类型泡沫芯材的夹层结构穿透能量对比, 以及不同芯层排列方式下的穿透能量对比
图 21 盖板−蜂窝组合结构在近区爆炸作用下逐层快速致密化形成高速动能撞击导致防护目标损伤放大(Kalubadanage et al. 2021). (a)抗爆拉胀结构试验研究, (b)爆炸载荷下芯层结构的致密化变形模式
图 22 Whipple盾将高速撞击动能转化为碎片云以扩大加载面积实现对输入能量的分散. (a)铝球以4.96 km/s速度撞击CFRP、2DWFRP和3DOWC靶材时的数值模型与碎片云(He Q G & Chen 2023), (b)两种防护罩的损伤模拟结果 (Al2024防护罩和Ti-Al-尼龙防护罩)(Zhang P L et al. 2019)
图 23 非均匀接触诱导侵彻弹体发生矢量偏航 (动量偏转) 以降低穿透能力. (a)导偏结构设计 (引导弹体在侵彻过程中发生偏转)(吴应祥 等 2023), (b)弹体侵彻−偏转过程的四个阶段 (非对称侵蚀、陶瓷锥挤压、非理想侵彻和出靶)(Jiang A et al. 2022), (c)弹体侵彻D60 (陶瓷球直径60 mm) 陶瓷球保护的超高性能混凝土板时的偏转贯穿过程(Liu J et al. 2019)
图 24 垂直堆叠圆柱链超材料局域共振行为将局部动能无效化 (未作用于结构响应增幅)(Kim E et al. 2017). (a)准一维圆柱链中冲击缓解的实验装置, (b)应力波在20 mm等长均质圆柱链中的传播 (能量几乎无耗散), (c)不考虑局域共振的构型优化设计 (能量耗散缓慢), (d)考虑局域共振的构型优化设计 (能量迅速大面积耗散)
图 25 利用锯齿形结构和异形障碍物诱导激波反射和衍射以分散波阵面应力强度. (a)冲击波穿过不同几何通道后的透射波前(Kumar R & Pathak 2021)的数值条纹图, (b)不同工况在t = 1.66 ms时的压力云图(Kumar R & Pathak 2021), (c)不同障碍物构型的压力云图(Chaudhuri et al. 2013)
图 26 结构背面附着韧性涂层缓解强动载作用下自由面拉伸波的层裂作用. (a)在不同单位厚度输入能量下变形的选定双层样品: 聚脲涂覆在正面的双层样品 (上排), 以及聚脲涂覆在背面的双层样品 (下排)(Amini et al. 2010), (b)圆柱形落锤冲击作用下铁板的冲击损伤形貌(Lin W C et al. 2026), (c)在给定聚脲涂层厚度的情况下, 涂层位置 (顶层或背面) 设计对防护性能的影响(LeBlanc et al. 2013)
图 27 利用多阶段大变形强化机制延长结构吸能过程. (a)利用双阶段旋转大变形实现增强的能量吸收(Wang H et al. 2026), (b)多级梯度变形锚杆的载荷−变形特性与能量吸收机理研究(Liu C et al. 2026), (c)利用负刚度超结构中的多步塑性变形实现卓越的能量吸收(Wang S & Liu 2026)
图 28 由构型曲率引导的大变形模式对板结构抗爆性能的强化与弱化(Kumar P et al. 2013). (a)不同曲率板在爆炸冲击作用下大变形模式的差异, (b)位移时程及小曲率损伤放大现象
图 29 压缩大变形诱导转换为拉伸模式以强化结构能量吸收. (a)刚性块向外旋转, 推动可拉伸薄片从压缩状态转变为拉伸状态(Ye et al. 2026), (b)无拉伸转换机制和有拉伸转换机制的循环加载−卸载性能(Ye et al. 2026), (c)蜂窝结构嵌入可拉伸横杆强化吸能(Shen et al. 2026)
图 30 基于粒子/分子链的高速率运动阻碍机制诱发细/微观层面的率/阻尼效应. (a)剪切增稠流体 (STF) 粒子的高速率成簇机制 (阻碍相对运动)(Li D et al. 2024), (b)剪切硬化凝胶 (SSG) 分子链的高速率缠结机制 (阻碍相对运动)(Tang et al. 2022), (c)基于剪切增稠材料的复合防弹衣防护效果测试(Tang et al. 2022)
图 31 利用惯性效应与自锁行为的非牛顿率相关超材料设计(Wang L et al. 2023). (a)非互易、非牛顿单胞构型 (两侧带有非均质倾斜悬臂梁与边界卡槽设计), (b)利用惯性效应主动改变结构在冲击作用下的承力模式
图 33 不同构型之间的防护效能优劣关系深受载荷特征的影响. (a)爆炸冲量影响负泊松比蜂窝板与等质量实心板的抗爆性能优劣关系 (小冲量下负泊松比蜂窝板防护效果更好, 大冲量则相反)(Imbalzano et al. 2016), (b)比例爆距影响负泊松比蜂窝板与正泊松比蜂窝板的抗爆性能优劣关系 (大比例爆距下负泊松比蜂窝板防护效果更好, 小比例爆距则相反)(Chen G et al. 2022)
图 34 防护结构设计与实际载荷特征不适配导致“防护致害”现象(Kalubadanage et al. 2022). (a)无防护措施的混凝土板爆炸试验及破坏形态, (b)有防护措施 (铺设负泊松比防护板) 的混凝土板爆炸试验破坏形态
图 35 根据载荷波形特征基于一维应力波理论设计多层装甲结构实现逐级耗能削波. (a)防护结构针对输入波形对各层粘弹性参数合理设计实现应力波的快速逐层削弱(Rahimzadeh et al. 2015), (b)针对冲击强度指标 (v0/vtol) 的粘弹性缓冲垫适配设计 (α为控制材料松弛过程形状的无量纲参数)(Rice et al. 2020)
图 36 局域共振适配载荷特征实现能量储存与耗散(Vo N H, Pham, Hao, Bi, Chen & Ha 2022). (a)由谐振子、弹性涂层和外管构成的超材料 (元) 桁架, (b)元桁架组合设计适配载荷频带特征抑制应力波传递 (区域2的通带PB2落入了区域1的低带隙LB1, 而区域2的高衰减带HB2覆盖了区域1的全部通带PB1)
图 37 以准静态载荷传递路径为依据进行胞元结构优化设计(Zhao S et al. 2023). (a)通过载荷路径分析确定点阵增强方向 (与最大内力分布方向一致), (b)夹层点阵梁的加强杆取向及指针应力矢量图, (c)三维点阵结构的加强方向及指针应力矢量图
图 38 基于离散拓扑设计实现局部加载的均匀化传递与分布(Detry et al. 2026)(a)局部压痕作用下点阵结构数值模型, (b)底层节点力的累积分布函数, (c)不同加载位置工况下优化前和优化后的节点力云图
图 39 根据载荷强度自主切换动态响应机制及其无人机防护应用. (a)弱冲击下的振动耗能与强冲击下的自锁吸能(Dudek et al. 2025), (b)基于可编程扭转机械超材料的无人机全向环形防护盾(Lu et al. 2025)
图 40 受犰狳启发的具备实时感知能力的形态自适应变形骨架(Zhou J et al. 2026)
图 41 有限预警时间内 (t0 ~ ta) 适配迫近载荷特征的结构预调节 (自重构) 过程: 结构最优状态以及无数条趋向最优状态的路径中的最优路径(Zhang W M et al. 2026)
图 42 结构预调节 (自重构) 过程所依据的结构特征与载荷特征适配原理与决策矩阵(Zhang W M et al. 2026, 刘瑞朝 等 2025, 张伟明 等 2026). (a)载荷时域特征适配, (b)载荷频域特征适配, (c)载荷空域特征适配, (d)基于结构自身性能的寻优路径和基于载荷特征适配的寻优路径, (e)结构状态−调节动作决策矩阵
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