力−电耦合效应在风能及水能采集中的应用与发展

高玲肖; 王宇航; 谢坤; 邓齐波; 唐辉; 胡宁

doi:10.6052/1000-0992-26-022

力−电耦合效应在风能及水能采集中的应用与发展

doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-022 cstr: 32046.14.1000-0992-26-022

高玲肖^{1, 2},
王宇航¹,
谢坤¹,
邓齐波^1, ,,
唐辉^3, ,,
胡宁⁴

1.
河北工业大学机械工程学院, 天津300401
2.
先进智能防护装备技术教育部重点实验室, 河北工业大学, 天津300401
3.
香港理工大学机械工程学系, 香港 999077
4.
西华大学机械工程学院, 成都 610039

基金项目: 河北省省级科技计划项目−国际科技合作/港澳台科技合作专项 (26293401D) 资助.

详细信息

作者简介:
高玲肖, 博士, 河北工业大学机械工程学院副教授、硕士生导师. 长期致力于微能量收集、摩擦纳米发电机、自供电传感与柔性感知技术领域的基础研究与工程应用. 先后主持国家自然科学基金青年项目、河北省自然科学基金青年项目、面上项目、河北省基础研究重点培育专项以及多项横向课题. 以第一及通讯作者在Advanced Energy Materials、Advanced Functional Materials、Nano Energy、Advanced Science等国际高水平期刊发表论文 30 余篇, 授权专利 20 余项; 研究成果获中国仪器仪表学会科技进步二等奖、重庆市自然科学二等奖

邓齐波, 研究员, 天津市“海外高层次人才”, 河北省力学学会副秘书长. 主要从事氢能/锂电池等能源材料破坏失效及提升策略、能量高效采集及应用技术、智能储能装备等方面研究. 先后主持国家自然基金青年C类、面上项目2项, 承担科技部重点研发计划中俄国际合作专项等国家级科研项目, 以一作/通讯作者在Adv Func Mater发表SCI论文85篇 (其中封面文章7篇, 高被引和热点论文1篇). 以第一完成人获中国力学学会科技进步奖二等奖、中国发明创新奖二等奖、中国产学研促进奖、第七届杜庆华力学与工程优秀青年学者奖、天津电动车行业技术研发人才奖等. 兼职马来西亚英迪国际大学客座研究员, 并担任国内期刊《力学进展》、《实验力学》、国际SCI期刊《Metals》《Energies》等青年/客座编委等学术兼职

唐辉, 香港理工大学机械工程学系教授、副主任. 先后获清华大学学士和硕士、英国曼彻斯特大学博士学位, 于密歇根大学安娜堡分校做博士后, 曾在新加坡南洋理工大学做助理教授. 现任香港力学学会秘书长, 中国空气动力学会“智能流体力学专业组”副主任委员、中国航空学会“流动控制与热管理分会”委员和中国力学学会“水动力学专业组”委员. 主要研究方向为流动控制、流固耦合、空气/水动力学

通讯作者:
qibodeng@hebut.edu.cn

h.tang@polyu.edu.hk

中图分类号: O351,TM61
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-05-19
- 录用日期: 2026-09-21
- 网络出版日期: 2026-09-28

Mechano-Electric Coupling Effects in Wind and Water Energy Harvesting: Applications and Advances

GAO Lingxiao^{1, 2},
WANG Yuhang¹,
XIE Kun¹,
DENG Qibo^{1
, ,},
TANG Hui^{3
, ,},
HU Ning⁴

1.
School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of technology, Tianjin 300401, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Advanced Intelligent Protective Equipment Technology (Hebei University of Technology) Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300401, China
3.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
4.
School of Mechanical Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China

More Information

Corresponding author: qibodeng@hebut.edu.cn; h.tang@polyu.edu.hk

摘要

摘要: 随着能源短缺与环境问题的日益凸显, 开发清洁可再生能源已在全球范围内形成共识. 风能和水能因储量巨大和可再生特性, 被视为能量采集技术的理想能源. 力−电耦合机制决定了能量采集器的输出功率与频带适应能力, 是提升能量采集效率的切入点. 系统梳理了力−电耦合效应在风能与水能采集中的应用方法, 阐述基于动力学失稳的能量俘获机理、理论建模方法和性能增强策略. 在风能采集方向, 围绕涡激振动、颤振和驰振等典型流致振动现象, 分析非线性动力学响应特征, 并归纳了通过结构构型调整、引入非线性机制和多自由度耦合设计等途径拓展有效工作频带、提高机电转换效率的研究进展. 在水能采集方面, 总结了宏观波浪能采集方法中的线性共振响应和非线性频率提升等技术在提升能量转换效率方面的效果, 并对微尺度水能采集中的微纳米力学特性进行了讨论. 最后, 对基于力学设计能量收集技术的未来趋势进行了展望.
- 力−电耦合 /
- 能量收集 /
- 风能采集 /
- 水能采集
Abstract: With the increasingly prominent challenges of energy shortages and environmental issues, the development of clean and renewable energy has become a global consensus. Owing to their abundant reserves and renewable nature, wind and water energy are regarded as promising sources for energy harvesting. Mechano-electric coupling mechanisms determine the output power and bandwidth adaptability of energy harvesters and therefore provide an important approach to improving energy harvesting efficiency. This review summarizes recent advances in the application of mechano-electric coupling effects to wind and water energy harvesting, with particular emphasis on energy capture mechanisms based on dynamic instabilities, theoretical modeling methods, and performance enhancement strategies. For wind energy harvesting, typical flow-induced vibration phenomena, including vortex-induced vibration, flutter, and galloping, are discussed with a focus on their nonlinear dynamic response characteristics. Recent progress in broadening the effective operating bandwidth and improving electromechanical conversion efficiency through structural configuration optimization, the introduction of nonlinear mechanisms, and multi-degree-of-freedom coupling designs is also reviewed. For water energy harvesting, linear resonance responses and nonlinear frequency-up-conversion techniques used in macroscopic wave energy harvesting are summarized in terms of their effectiveness in improving energy conversion efficiency, and the micro- and nanoscale mechanical characteristics involved in microscale liquid-water energy harvesting are discussed. Finally, future trends in mechanics-based design for energy harvesting technologies are outlined.
- mechano-electric coupling /
- energy harvesting /
- wind energy harvesting /
- water energy harvesting

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图 1 力−电耦合效应在风能和水能中能量采集的应用概述, 包括: 涡激振动(Zhang L B et al. 2024), 颤振效应(Tcho et al. 2022), 驰振效应(Zhang L B et al. 2020), 尾流驰振(Yuan et al. 2022), 线性结构(Wang Y et al. 2022), 非线性结构(Wang X et al. 2022), 液滴能采集(Yin et al. 2014a), 湿气/蒸发(Liu X M et al. 2020)

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图 2 涡激能量采集器技术中力−电耦合. (a$ ) $涡激振动摩擦纳米发电机结构, 包含轻质圆柱体振子及接触分离式TENG单元(Zhang L B et al. 2022), (b)单自由度压电气动弹性耦合模型, 展示圆柱体与压电换能器及外部电阻负载的耦合关系(Mehmood et al. 2013)

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图 3 涡激能量采集中力−电耦合技术: (a)带Y形附件的压电风能收集器, 可在VIV与驰振模式间切换(Wang J et al. 2019), (b)基于负泊松比结构的非线性涡致振动能量收集器(Fang et al. 2024), (c)基于涡街脱落驱动的流动摩擦电发生器, 利用Kapton薄膜振动实现接触分离发电(Wang S H et al. 2015a), (d)采用磁性非线性恢复力调控的VIV能量收集器(Zhang L B et al. 2017), (e)球体多自由度涡致振动采集器, 适用于多方向气流能量收集(Zhang L B et al. 2024)

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图 4 颤振能量采集技术中的力−电耦合: (a)摩擦电颤振能量采集器结构: 柔性旗帜与刚性极板的接触−分离机制(Bae et al. 2014), (b)倒压电旗结构: 尾缘固定、前缘自由的柔性压电膜(Orrego et al. 2017)

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图 5 颤振能量采集中的力−电耦合技术: (a)基于混合颤振的多自由度收集器(Xue et al. 2025); (b)基于翼型段失速颤振的电磁收集器(Li Z et al. 2024), (c)后固定膜颤振驱动的摩擦电纳米发电机(Tcho et al. 2022), (d)弹性气动驱动的摩擦电纳米发电机(Wang S H et al. 2015b)

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图 6 驰振能量采集技术中的力−电耦合: (a)单自由度集总参数模型(Tang et al. 2014), (b)基础结构(Zhang L B et al. 2020), (c)机电耦合模型(Zhang L B et al. 2020)

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图 7 驰振能量采集中的力−电耦合技术: (a)非线性调控装置(Wang J et al. 2024), (b)混合能量采集装置(Li H et al. 2024a), (c)驰振振荡器模型(Chen S et al. 2023), (d)摩擦电单元结构(Wang Y et al. 2024), (e)耦合振动装置(Sun et al. 2019)

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图 8 尾流振动能量采集技术中的力−电耦合: (a)串联双圆柱压电能量采集器(Song et al. 2021), (b)卡门涡街驱动的摩擦纳米发电机(Li W et al. 2022)

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图 9 尾流振动能量采集中的力−电耦合技术: (a)引入非线性刚度恢复力机制的装置(Alhadidi et al. 2016), (b)多缸结构配置(Awadallah et al. 2025), (c)尾迹驰振现象装置(Yuan et al. 2022), (d)串联矩形板−圆柱结构(Najafpour et al. 2025)

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图 10 混合流致能量采集中的力−电耦合技术: (a)前缘切削钝体压电能量收集器(Wang et al. 2025), (b)驰振与颤振协同能量收集器(Dong et al. 2025), (c)双钝体三压电薄膜能量收集器(Lu et al. 2026), (d)间距优化三圆柱压电能量收集器(Cheng et al. 2026)

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图 11 基于气动与机械优化的旋转风能采集中的力−电耦合技术: (a)利用伯努利效应驱动的摩擦纳米发电机(Chen X et al. 2020b), (b)机械撞击结构(Zhang J T et al. 2017), (c)涡流诱导滚动的风能采集器(Choi et al. 2024), (d)双转子结构(Han et al. 2025)

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图 12 波浪能采集中的线性结构力−电耦合技术: (a)球形摩擦纳米发电机的摇摆−滚动耦合机制(Wang X et al. 2015), (b)软接触复合球体设计(Cheng et al. 2019), (c)多节耦合摩擦纳米发电机结构(Zhang S L et al. 2018), (d)压电耦合浮标系统(Wu et al. 2015), (e)倒立摆式多层摩擦纳米发电机结构(Zhang X M et al. 2022), (f)圆筒形波浪驱动摩擦纳米发电机结构(Wang Y et al. 2022)

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图 15 水伏发电中的力−电耦合技术: (a)基于蒸发驱动与毛细压力的剪切拖拽耦合(Xue G B et al. 2017), (b)垂直微通道结构中的低流阻稳态耦合(Zou et al. 2021), (c)受限空间内湿气梯度驱动的扩散电流耦合(Liu X M et al. 2020)

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图 13 波浪能采集中的非线性结构力−电耦合技术: (a)机械变频结构(Chen S E et al. 2023), (b)混沌摆结构(Chen X et al. 2020a), (c)磁耦合C型梁结构(Liu et al. 2026), (d) 仿生蝴蝶翼结构的摩擦纳米发电机(Wang X et al. 2022), (e)基于涡激振动的多光栅摩擦纳米发电机 (Li H et al. 2024b)

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图 14 液滴能采集中的力−电耦合技术: (a)基于移动双电层的线性耦合结构(Yin et al. 2014a), (b)诱导带电增强型摩擦纳米发电机结构(Wang W Q et al. 2023), (c)分子刷表面工程的液滴摩擦纳米发电机结构(Meng et al. 2024)

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表 1 四种典型流致振动风能采集技术性能与适用性对比

类别	代表文献	工作风速范围	输出功率/功率密度	适用环境	优势	局限
涡激振动	(Zhang L B et al. 2022)	低速	2.78 m/s时: 392.72 μW; 功率密度96.79 mW/m²	低速风、无线传感	结构简单, 低风速输出好	有效频带较窄
涡激振动	(Zhang L B et al. 2017)	低速 ~ 中速	同步区拓宽138%, 采集功率提高29%	变风速环境	拓宽工作风速范围	磁距和结构参数需优化
颤振	(Bae et al. 2014)	15 m/s	约0.86 mW (200 V/60 uA)	较强风环境	高电压, 结构简单	高风速易疲劳
	(Orrego et al. 2017)	3.5 ~ 9 m/s	功率密度: 0.4 mW/cm³(3.5 m/s); 5.0 mW/cm³(9 m/s)	环境微风	低风速响应好	受旗帜参数影响大
	(Li Z et al. 2024)	9.3 m/s	均方根(RMS)电压增加至0.52 V, 输出功率提升4.89倍	中高风速	适合大幅振动	摩擦提高切入风速
驰振	(Zhang L B et al. 2020)	1.4 ~ 6 m/s	1.4 m/s时大于200 V (到6 m/s时约60%)	低风速	切入风速低高电压	接触磨损明显
	(Wang Y et al. 2024)	0.6 ~ 12.4 m/s	4.0 m/s时输出功率提升141倍, 功率密度 62.25 W/m³	宽风速环境	输出稳定性好	阻尼匹配要求高
	(Li H et al. 2024a)	低 ~ 中速	5 m/s时电压提升约51.97%; 功率密度提高164.1%	低中速风	降低切入风速	分形结构加工复杂
尾流驰振	(Li W et al. 2022)	切入0.52 m/s; 1 ~ 2 m/s增强	1 m/s时: 0.53uW, 功率密度4 mW/m²; 2 m/s时: 3.72uW, 功率密度 26 mW/m²	超低风速、气流传感	切入风速低, 兼具传感	膜结构参数敏感
尾流驰振	(Najafpour et al. 2025)	无量纲宽度≤15/32、无量纲间距≤3	最大采集功率提升431%; 平均输出最高30倍	受限风道、建筑间隙	尾流增强效果显著	依赖板宽和间距

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表 2 混合流致振动与其他气动机制风能采集技术性能与适用性对比

类别	代表文献	工作风速范围	输出功率/功率密度	适用环境	优势	局限
混合流致振动	(Wang J et al. 2019)	涡激: 0.85–1.42 m/s; 驰振: ≥1.28 m/s	驰振输出功率提高400%	低速 ~ 中速	兼具低速响应和宽频优势	受附件形状和攻角影响
	(Sun et al. 2019)	约2.95 m/s附近效果明显	平均功率提升约75%; 峰值(2.95 m/s) 提升约193%	低中速风	协同增强输出	钝体形状依赖性强
	(Wang J Y et al. 2025)	扩展VIV与驰振区; 锁频带宽提高50.0%	RMS功率7.47 mW, 功率密度23.34 μW/mm³;	变风速、低中速风	单钝体实现VIV-驰振转换	切削角和分离点位置敏感
	(Dong L W et al. 2025)	1.4–10 m/s; < 6 m/s协同增强明显	最大平均功率6.3 mW; 10 m/s下功率密度 7.1 W/m²;	宽风速、无线传感节点	驰振—颤振协同, 低风速输出增强	柔性梁耦合和摩擦接触耐久性需优化
	(Lu J H et al. 2026)	典型风速5 m/s; 阻塞效应使振幅提高695%	5 m/s时最大输出功率11.83 mW	受限风道、无线传感	三压电单元非接触转换, 功率较高	流道比、薄膜位置和钝体间距敏感
	(Cheng Y X et al. 2026)	0.5–10 m/s	平均功率提高15倍, 电压提高4.1倍; 非等间距最大功率提高25%	宽风速、多圆柱阵列	宽带稳定输出, 阵列增益明显	间距与多振子相位控制要求高
其他气动机制	(Chen X et al. 2020b)	切入1.6 m/s; 测试4 ~ 15 m/s	8 m/s时峰值2.5 mW、平均约73 μW;	低风速、受限空间	切入风速低, 易于柔性集成	薄膜间隙与流场参数较敏感
	(Zhang J T et al. 2017)	实验风速4 ~ 15 m/s	构型1最大57.4 μW; 构型2最大2.57 mW;	微型旋转风能采集	缓解低频输入与压电梁固有频率失配	机械碰撞容易产生磨损
	(Choi J A et al. 2024)	测试0 ~ 9 m/s; 主要评价 3 ~ 9 m/s	8 m/s下RMS功率1.93 mW; RMS面积功率密度89.72 mW/m²	全向风、无外露叶片场景	启动阻力低, 具有全向风能捕获潜力	内部流道和滚动接触状态需优化
	(Han H et al. 2025)	采能2.5 ~ 7 m/s; 传感 3 ~ 7 m/s	7 m/s峰值3.6 mW; 功率密度0.72 W/m²	低风速、风速传感	提高相对运动速度, 兼具风速感知	转子、滑环及接触界面的长期可靠性需验证

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表 3 波浪及海流能量采集技术性能与适用性对比

类别	代表文献	工作频带/工况	输出功率/功率密度	适用环境	优势	局限
线性结构响应型	(Wang X et al. 2015)	约1.43 Hz 低频水波	瞬时输出功率最高约10 mW	海面/湖面波浪	结构简单, 封闭性好	接触面积有限
	(Cheng P et al. 2019)	低频随机水波	峰值功率约10 mW, 输出电荷提升约10倍	海浪、湖面波浪	接触充分, 磨损较小	软材料稳定性需验证
	(Zhang S L et al. 2018)	低频、低幅值随机波浪	最大功率密度约3 W/m³	海面波浪	适应随机波浪, 减弱水屏蔽	多节封装复杂
	(Wu N et al. 2015)	中低频海浪	理论输出功率可达约24 W	海洋浮标	输出潜力高	尺寸较大, 工程实现复杂
非线性调制与流固耦合型	(Chen X et al. 2020a)	约2 Hz, 振幅 3 ~ 7 cm	TENG约15.21 μW, EMG约1.23 mW	海洋浮标	随机波适应性强	结构和电路复杂
	(Zhang X M et al. 2022)	波高2 ~ 13 cm, 频率0.5 ~ 1.25 Hz	平均功率约0.845 mW, 效率14.5%	弱波浪	模型清楚, 便于优化	真实海况预测难
	(Wang X et al. 2022)	约1 ~ 1.25 Hz 水下波浪	峰值功率约0.69 mW; 1.25 Hz下输出约 400 V、2.9 μA	水下波浪	可响应多方向激励	结构需CFD 优化
	(Liu R et al. 2026)	0.8 Hz超低频波浪	峰值功率58.89 mW, RMS功率9.81 mW	超低频海浪	输出高, 低频适应性好	参数优化复杂

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表 4 微尺度液体水能采集技术性能与适用性对比

类别	代表文献	工作频带/工况	输出功率/功率密度	适用环境	优势	局限
液滴界面发电型	(Wang W Q et al. 2023)	单滴下落高度约30 cm	多液滴峰值电压约−110 V, 电流约−140 μA	雨滴/液滴	结构简单, 边界增强明显	对落点和倾角敏感
液滴界面发电型	(Meng H et al. 2024)	少量液滴即可快速起电	开路电压约396 V; 自来水液滴电荷约500 nC	雨滴能	起电快, 输出高	表面改性稳定性需验证
水伏发电型	(Xue G B et al. 2017)	持续蒸发输出	电压约1 V, 短路电流约150 nA	蒸发环境	无需机械激励, 材料低成本	电流较小
	(Zou J et al. 2021)	0.5 M NaCl溶液	电压约0.27 V, 电流约0.62 μA	盐溶液/ 蒸发环境	材料可再生, 孔道天然	输出有限
	(Liu X M et al 2020)	相对湿度20% ~ 100%, 可持续输出	电压约0.5 V, 电流密度约17 μA/cm², 功率密度约4 mW/cm³	环境湿气	可持续发电, 不依赖光照	材料规模化需优化

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