复杂流体环境中纳米颗粒的反常扩散及其操控

薛春东; 郑旭; 胡国庆

doi:10.6052/1000-0992-26-004

复杂流体环境中纳米颗粒的反常扩散及其操控

doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-26-004 cstr: 32046.14.1000-0992-26-004

1.
大连理工大学, 大连 116024
2.
中国科学院力学研究所, 北京100190
3.
浙江大学, 杭州310058

基金项目: 国家基金委重点研发计划课题 (2024YFA1209900, 2022YFF0503500), 国家自然科学基金 (12532012, 12172081, 12472273) 项目资助. 感谢殷一帆、徐潇宇两位同学在文献整理和图表绘制方面给予的支持.

详细信息

作者简介:
薛春东, 大连理工大学副教授、博士生导师. 本科毕业于山东大学, 博士毕业于中国科学院力学研究所, 2017年入职大连理工大学. 研究方向为微纳流体力学基础及应用. 主持国家自然科学基金、国家重点研发计划子课题、中国博士后科学基金、辽宁省自然科学基金等项目. 在微纳流体力学及相关领域期刊发表论文50余篇, 授权专利10余件. 担任中国力学学会−微纳尺度流动专业组组员、《水动力学研究与进展》和Journal of Hydrodynamics期刊编委

胡国庆, 浙江大学求是特聘教授、博士生导师, 研究方向为微纳米流体力学、微纳流控芯片、纳米载药设计等. 2007年11月到2019年3月为中国科学院力学研究所非线性力学国家重点实验室研究员、博导, 2019年4月起加入浙江大学. 先后主持国家自然科学基金重点项目、纳米专项重点研发课题、973课题、中科院前沿科学重点项目等, 在Nat Nanotech, Nat Commun, J Fluid Mech, J Comput Phys等期刊上发表SCI论文120余篇, Google Scholar引用7500余次, H-index为48. 曾担任中国力学学会副秘书长、微纳尺度流动专业组首任组长, 现担任中国微米纳米技术学会微纳流控技术分会第一届理事, 中国生物物理学会微流控系统学分会第一届委员

通讯作者:
ghu@zju.edu.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-01-24
- 录用日期: 2026-05-15
- 网络出版日期: 2026-06-02

Anomalous diffusion and manipulation of nanoparticles in complex fluid environments

1.
Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
2.
Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
3.
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

More Information

Corresponding author: ghu@zju.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 复杂流体环境中纳米颗粒的扩散行为广泛存在于自然和工业过程中. 不同于经典布朗扩散, 复杂流体环境中纳米颗粒呈现反常扩散特性, 其机理认识及操控方法在生物、物理、医学及工程等多个领域具有重要科学意义和应用价值. 本文系统回顾了复杂流体环境中纳米颗粒反常扩散的研究进展. 首先, 阐释反常扩散超越经典布朗运动的核心特征, 梳理主要的理论框架与研究方法; 其次, 具体介绍亚扩散、超扩散、布朗非高斯扩散3类具体反常扩散的机制及模型, 并从力学与统计物理耦合的角度, 探讨基于外场作用和智能设计的扩散行为调控机制; 最后, 总结该领域在建模、实验解析及应用中的关键挑战与发展方向.
- 复杂流体 /
- 反常扩散 /
- 纳米颗粒 /
- 输运操控
Abstract: The diffusive behavior of nanoparticles in complex fluid environments is widely observed in natural and industrial processes. In contrast to classical Brownian diffusion, nanoparticles in complex fluids exhibit anomalous diffusion characteristics. Understanding its mechanisms and developing control approaches hold significant scientific importance and application value across fields such as biology, physics, medicine, and engineering. This article provides a systematic review of the research progress on anomalous diffusion of nanoparticles in complex fluid environments. First, the core features of anomalous diffusion that go beyond classical Brownian motion are elucidated, and the main theoretical frameworks and research methods are outlined. Second, mechanisms and models of three specific types anomalous diffusion, i.e., subdiffusion, superdiffusion, and Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion, are introduced in detail. The regulation mechanisms of diffusion behavior based on external field effects and intelligent design are also explored from the perspective of the coupling of mechanics and statistical physics. Finally, key challenges and future directions in modeling, experimental analysis, and applications in this field are summarized.
- complex fluids /
- anomalous diffusion /
- nanoparticles /
- transport manipulation

HTML全文

图 1 复杂流体环境中纳米颗粒反常扩散的物理图像、统计特征与研究框架示意图. 左侧示意纳米颗粒在细胞质、高分子网络、多孔介质等复杂流体环境中的运动情形, 这些介质通常具有结构异质性、黏弹性或动态不均匀性. 中间给出了反常扩散的典型统计特征, 包括均方位移 (MSD) 随时间的非线性标度关系 (亚扩散、正常扩散与超扩散) 以及位移概率分布 (DPD) 偏离高斯分布的情形. 右侧总结了反常扩散的主要力学机制、理论模型与操控途径, 包括时间记忆效应、空间约束与异质性、输运系数涨落以及非平衡驱动, 并对应分数布朗运动 (FBM)、连续时间随机游走 (CTRW)、扩散性−扩散系数 (DD) 和莱维飞行 (LF) 模型, 同时展示了外场调控等实现扩散行为可控调制的思路

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图 2 反常扩散典型研究方法示意图. (a)单粒子追踪 (SPT) 技术的装置设计及典型的三维粒子轨迹用于获取纳米颗粒在复杂环境中的单轨迹信息(Bucci et al. 2024); (b)基于单粒子动态光散射 (DLS) 技术的纳米粒子形状分析(Guerra et al. 2019); (c) 荧光相关光谱 (FCS) 技术原理、装置及数据分析(Yu et al. 2021); (d) 基于分子动力学模拟 (MD) 方法的聚合物网络结构及纳米颗粒扩散轨迹(Dai et al. 2022); (e) 第二届Andi挑战赛基本任务设置(Muñoz-Gil et al. 2025); (f) 基于机器学习方法的“扩散指纹”构建及反常扩散特征分析流程(Pinholt et al. 2021)

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图 3 复杂介质中亚扩散行为的典型实验观测、理论模型与物理机制示意. (a) 聚合物溶液中的记忆效应导致纳米颗粒扩散的 MSD 随时间呈幂律标度增长(Lim & Jeon 2025); (b) 细胞质的自组织效应抑制纳米颗粒的扩散, 导致扩散变慢以及扩散指数降低(Huang et al. 2022); (c) 受纳米粒子形状影响的细胞膜上3种扩散模式及相应轨迹(Choo et al. 2021); (d) 机器学习辅助的广义朗之万方程 (GLE) 模拟方法流程图(Russo et al. 2024); (e)细胞质中的大分子拥挤及多尺度障碍示意图(Destrian et al. 2026); (f) SPT结果展示海马神经元轴突起始段的纳米隔室及纳米颗粒受限扩散轨迹(Albrecht et al. 2016). 该图强调了时间非局域记忆效应与空间异质性是亚扩散产生的2类主要物理来源

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图 4 复杂环境中布朗非高斯扩散 (BYND) 与超扩散行为的代表性实验与统计特征. (a) BYND 扩散中单粒子轨迹、MSD 近似线性增长以及位移分布呈非高斯长尾的典型结果(Wang et al. 2012); (b)从阿米巴虫 (amoebas) 运动到秃鹰 (vulture) 飞行等过程中线性MSD部分均存在非高斯成分(Vilk et al. 2022); (c) 不同流动条件下响应性弹性凝胶中自驱动纳米颗粒的运动轨迹及对应的多阶段MSD曲线 (Goswami et al. 2024); (d)在高度密集的活性细菌悬浮液中示踪粒子呈现超级扩散行为, 且超扩散的强度与细菌的活性密度直接相关(Xie et al. 2022)

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图 5 通过外加物理场实现纳米颗粒反常扩散行为调控的典型策略示意. (a) 磁场作用下磁性纳米颗粒在沿推进方向的扩散有所增强, 其扩散系数与电场频率相关, 且可以通过改变系统参数来精确控制(Stoop et al. 2019); (b) 外加电场可显著增强或抑制微通道中纳米颗粒的集体扩散行为(Wang et al. 2022); (c) 通过使用光学加热的金纳米结构在液体中产生强烈的局部温度梯度, 实现单个胶体粒子捕获(Braun & Cichos 2013); (d) 通过红外激光点加热在溶液中构建温度梯度, 实现基于热泳机制的纳米级外泌体快速高效富集 (Liu et al. 2019); (e) 不同过氧化氢浓度溶液下, 自驱动纳米颗粒的典型运动轨迹及对应MSD结果对比(Howse et al. 2007); (f) Janus式光驱动自推进管状纳米机器人在紫外光和蓝光照射下能实现多种运动模式(Ussia et al. 2022)

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