Microgravity science: The new horizon for knowledge expansion and transformative technologies
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摘要: 微重力科学是空间科学与应用诸多方向的基础之一. 它不仅是全球科技领域的新兴重点, 也是国家太空科技竞争力的重要标志. 目前, 中国空间站全面建成, 国际空间站将退役. 中国空间站作为国家太空实验室, 将公开征集并实施千余项研究项目, 为我国微重力科学研究提供独一无二的实验条件和前所未有的发展机遇. 基于国家自然科学基金委员会第385期“微重力科学与技术的机遇与挑战”双清论坛, 本文总结了我国微重力科学与技术研究及空间站应用面临的挑战和难点, 梳理了近年来在微重力流体物理、微重力制造与空间技术、微重力生命科学与医工技术等领域取得的主要进展和成就, 凝练了微重力科学与技术领域未来5 ~ 10年所面临的重大关键科学问题, 探讨了前沿研究方向并提出学科发展建议.Abstract: Microgravity science is one of the cornerstones of space science and applications. It represents an emerging focal point in the global science and technology arena and stands as a significant hallmark of national competitiveness in space technology. With the completion of China’s space station and the impending retirement of the International Space Station, China’s space station—serving as a national space laboratory—will solicit and carry out over a thousand scientific research projects during its operational lifetime, providing a unique experimental platform and offering unprecedented opportunities for the development of microgravity science in China. Based on the 385th “Shuangqing Forum” of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), this paper summarizes the challenges and difficulties faced by China's microgravity science and technology research. It reviews the major progress and achievements made in recent years in fields of microgravity fluid physics, microgravity manufacturing and space technology, and microgravity life sciences and biomedical engineering technology. Furthermore, the article identifies the critical scientific issues facing the field of microgravity science and technology in the coming 5 to 10 years, and discusses frontier research directions and suggestions for the development of the discipline.
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图 1 液桥高径比−体积比效应图谱. (a) 高径比对临界温差的影响, (b) 高径比与体积比对临界Marangoni数的影响(Kang et al. 2019c)
图 2 中国空间站流体物理实验柜贮箱气泡合并现象实验. (a) 实验结果, (b) 数值仿真, (c) 气泡合并过程, (d)气泡稳定状态 (Chen S et al. 2024a)
图 3 中国空间站变重力池沸腾传热实验. (a) 变重力池沸腾实验装置, (b) 空间环境中典型池沸腾现象(中国载人航天工程办公室 2024)
图 5 胶体椭球单分子层玻璃化转变中的平移与旋转类临界行为 (Zheng et al. 2021)
图 6 欧空局在国际空间站完成太空3D金属打印 (European Space Agency, 2024)
图 7 复杂系统动力学与控制的微重力研究进展. (a) GITAI空间机器人在轨操作模拟, (b) 微重力抓取测试与贾尼别科夫效应, (c) 大型天线展开的地面微重力模拟实验与多柔体动力学仿真
图 9 国际空间站P6桁架太阳翼结构经历1年空间辐照暴露后出现明显侵蚀破坏 (Adeoti 2022)
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