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摘要: 纳米流体力学是研究纳米甚至亚纳米尺度受限空间中的流体流动与物质输运规律的学科方向, 其并非宏观流动的简单尺度缩小, 而是由于主导作用力与边界条件发生改变, 从而产生了一系列新的现象与应用. 随着纳米技术的发展, 纳米乃至亚纳米尺度人工结构的可控构筑成为可能, 为系统研究极端受限条件下的流动输运行为提供了实验基础, 并推动了流体力学向微观尺度的拓展. 本文系统综述了纳米流体力学的基本概念、核心科学问题、实验研究方法及其主要应用方向. 首先, 本文阐述了极端受限流动与输运中的关键科学问题, 包括考虑界面滑移的管道流动、流动与输运的耦合机制、受限空间内的两相流模型, 以及连续介质假设在极端条件下的失效等问题. 其次, 总结了当前典型的纳米结构制备技术, 并归纳了针对极端受限空间流动与输运的实验表征手段, 并阐述了从连续介质、分子动力学到第一性原理等多尺度模拟研究方法, 以及在揭示极端受限流动机制中的作用. 最后, 结合上述科学问题, 讨论了纳米流体力学在流动减阻、绿色能源、化学化工、人工智能、先进制造与生命健康等前沿领域中的应用与影响. 纳米流体力学作为连接微观分子行为与宏观流动规律的关键桥梁, 正成为未来多尺度流体力学与交叉学科研究的重要支撑方向.Abstract: Nanofluidics examines fluid flow and mass transport within nanoscale confined geometries. It is not a simple downscaling of macroscopic flows; rather, changes in the dominant forces and boundary conditions under confinement give rise to a range of new phenomena and applications. With the development of nanotechnology, the controllable fabrication of nano- and even sub-nanometer artificial structures has become possible, providing an experimental foundation for systematic studies of flow and transport under extreme confinement and extending fluid mechanics toward microscopic scales. This review provides an overview of the basic concepts, key scientific questions, experimental research methods, and major application directions of nanofluidics. First, we outline the key scientific questions in extremely confined flow and transport, including slip-boundary flow in nanochannels, coupled mechanisms between flow and mass transport, two-phase flow models in confined spaces, and the breakdown of continuum assumptions under extreme conditions. Second, we summarize typical nanostructure fabrication techniques and experimental characterization methods designed for probing flow and transport in highly confined spaces. We also describe multiscale simulation approaches, ranging from continuum theories to molecular dynamics and first-principles calculations, and their roles in uncovering the mechanisms of nanoscale flow. Finally, we discuss major application areas, such as drag reduction, energy conversion, chemical engineering, artificial intelligence, advanced manufacturing, and biomedicine. Overall, nanofluidics provides a critical connection between molecular-scale dynamics and macroscopic transport phenomena, and is becoming an emerging direction in fluid mechanics and interdisciplinary science.
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图 5 图5极端受限的非连续行为. (a) 水的介电常数异常(Fumagalli et al. 2018), (b) 界面电荷的离散化分布(Luan et al. 2025), (c) 流动的离散化, 水的层状震荡结构(Wang et al. 2017), (d) 液体沿导体表面流动, 其内部电荷涨落与固体中载流子相互作用, 从而在固体内诱发电子电流(Coquinot et al. 2024)
图 6 纳米通道的制备方法. (a) Xe离子束刻蚀二硫化钼形成埃尺度纳米孔(Macha et al. 2022), (b) 原子层沉积方法在阳极氧化铝基底上制备纳米孔膜, 原子层沉积循环次数增加, 纳米孔的平均孔径逐渐收缩(Liu Kairui et al. 2025), (c) 碳纳米管自组装成脂质体, 右侧是高分辨率冷冻透射电镜图像(Tunuguntla Ramya H et al. 2016), (d) 软刻蚀制备潜径际亚纳米孔道: PET薄膜经过重离子轰击、紫外辐照、辐解产物的电泳迁移制备亚纳米孔道(Wang et al. 2018), (e) 通过阳极键合工艺制造的二维二氧化硅纳米通道, 深为2 nm、宽为2 μm, 原子力显微镜图像见右侧(Duan et al. 2010b), (f) 通过二维材料堆叠制备的埃尺度二维狭缝, 结构为包含底层、间隔层和顶层的三层堆叠结构 (Bhardwaj et al. 2024), (g) 通过在毛细管中插入气泡形成纳米液膜通道, 显微镜下的图像见右侧(Ma et al. 2020), (h) 通过液体气相接触自发在二氧化硅基板上形成厚度从埃到纳米的液膜(Allemand et al. 2023)
图 7 微纳尺度流动的实验表征手段. (a) 单分子荧光显微镜装置示意图(Zhao et al. 2025), (b) 电压、压力或浓度梯度驱动下石墨烯二维纳米通道离子电流测量的实验装置示意图(Emmerich et al. 2022), (c) 透射电子显微镜 (TEM) 下观察到的多壁碳纳米管内流体 (水) 的形态(Gogotsi et al. 2001), (d) 利用AFM针尖作为上电极检测充水hBN/石墨纳米通道的实验装置示意图(Fumagalli et al. 2018)
表 1 宏观尺度流动与纳米尺度流动的差异比较
特征 宏观流体力学 纳米流体力学 主导力 惯性力、重力等 界面张力、静电力、范德华力、分离压等 流动模型 连续介质假设 (Navier-Stokes方程) 非连续介质、分子动力学等 边界条件 通常不考虑无滑移边界 滑移边界、表面电荷效应等 尺度特征 远大于分子平均自由程 接近或小于德拜长度直至水分子尺寸 典型现象 湍流、泊肃叶流等 流动输运耦合、非连续效应、热涨落效应等 
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