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基于损伤生物力学的汽车碰撞假人研究

田腾飞 刘志新 王丽珍

田腾飞, 刘志新, 王丽珍. 基于损伤生物力学的汽车碰撞假人研究. 力学进展, 待出版 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-033
引用本文: 田腾飞, 刘志新, 王丽珍. 基于损伤生物力学的汽车碰撞假人研究. 力学进展, 待出版 doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-033
Tian T F, Liu Z X, Wang L Z. Advances in automotive crash test dummies based on injury biomechanics. Advances in Mechanics, in press doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-033
Citation: Tian T F, Liu Z X, Wang L Z. Advances in automotive crash test dummies based on injury biomechanics. Advances in Mechanics, in press doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-033

基于损伤生物力学的汽车碰撞假人研究

doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-25-033 cstr: 32046.14.1000-0992-25-033
基金项目: 感谢国家自然科学基金项目(No.U2241273, 12425209)资助.
详细信息
    作者简介:

    王丽珍, 北京航空航天大学生物与医学工程学院教授/博导、医工交叉科创中心/国家医学攻关产教融合创新平台主任、生物力学与力生物学教育部重点实验室主任, 国家级领军人才. 在损伤、仿生结构生物力学及应用领域做出了突出贡献. 针对航空航天、交通、运动损伤问题, 建立了跨尺度生物力学仿真新方法, 揭示了骨肌系统损伤生物力学机理、提出了防护新方法; 研发了新的骨肌柔性可穿戴康复系统, 成果受到国际学术与产业界高度关注, 申获发明专利36项, 获软著2项, 已应用于国防、体育及医疗器械行业, 产生了良好的社会和经济效益. 兼任世界华人生物医学工程学会(WACBE)理事和青委会主席, 中国力学学会常务理事, 中国力学学会生物力学专委会副主任委员, 中国生物材料学会材料生物力学分会候任主任委员等

    通讯作者:

    lizhenwang@buaa.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: R318.01

Advances in automotive crash test dummies based on injury biomechanics

More Information
  • 摘要: 损伤生物力学主要基于力学原理分析人体响应和损伤, 对特定损伤机制和损伤耐限的理解有助于人体防护. 假人是模拟冲击过程人体生物力学响应的人体替代物, 被广泛应用于汽车安全、运动康复、法医学、军事及航空航天等领域. 汽车碰撞假人是汽车安全领域损伤评测的重要工具, 包括实体假人和数值仿真假人. 本文介绍了实体与仿真假人的发展历史, 聚焦汽车碰撞假人参数化设计方法进行分析, 对损伤评测技术未来发展趋势进行展望, 以期助力损伤生物力学领域发展及对汽车安全技术的进步.

     

  • 图  1  汽车碰撞假人分类

    图  2  损伤风险曲线典型构建流程(Kang et al. 2023, Shin et al. 2023, Rommel 2018)

    图  3  典型实体假人有限元模型与多体模型(a. HYBRID III假人; b. THOR假人; c. WORLD SID假人; d. SID II假人)

    图  5  面向质量分布的人体节段划分方法(a. Hatze等(1980)建立的人体节段划分方法(Robertson 2013, Otmani et al. 2023); b. 儿童身体节段划分方法(Lahkar et al. 2025); c. GB/T 17245-2004人体节段划分方法; d. GHBMC模型的节段质心位置示意(Vavalle et al. 2014))

    图  4  统计形状模型在生物力学模型中的应用(a. 仿真假人建模过程中统计形状模型应用流程; b. 基于统计形状模型的颅骨参数化几何模型(Albrecht 2011); c. 基于统计形状模型的股骨形状与力学性能预测, KJC为膝关节中心, COC为股骨踝中心(Eggermont et al. 2024))

    图  6  仿真假人缩放流程HBM分节段缩放示意(a. THUMS HBM分节段缩放示意(Yu et al. 2023); b. GHBMC HBM分节段缩放示意(Zhang et al. 2017))

    图  7  碰撞前差异人体姿态示意(a. 座椅装置影响的儿童差异姿态(El-Mobader 2018); b. 乘员非标准姿态(Leledakis et al. 2021); c. 自动驾驶技术与零重力座椅影响的大倾角姿态(Ngo et al. 2021); d. 行人非标准姿态(Tang et al. 2023))

    图  8  典型FE-HBM主动肌肉模型示意(Johan et al. 2024, Chan et al. 2021)

    图  9  应用PID反馈控制的典型主动肌肉模型(a. 基于肌肉长度测量值与关节角度测量值进行PID反馈控制的主动肌肉模型; b. 基于接触力测量值与关节角度测量值进行PID反馈控制的主动肌肉模型)

    图  10  VIVA + HBM应用的主动肌肉模型(a. 肌肉长度与关节角度耦合控制的主动肌肉模型; b. 基于肌肉长度控制深层肌肉并基于关节角度控制表层肌肉的主动肌肉模型(Putra and Thomson 2022))

    图  11  常用差异应变率的力学测试方法(a. 落槌测试装置(Feng et al. 2022); b. 摆锤测试装置(Swift et al. 2016); c. 分离式霍普金森压杆测试(Khosravani and Weinberg 2018))

    图  12  刚体模型接触特性示意(a.主面变形; b. 从面变形; c. 主从面变形(Flores 2022, Skrinjar et al. 2018))

    图  13  微观力学响应损伤阈值开发与验证(a.基于数据驱动的脑组织微观力学响应损伤阈值计算; b. 基于微观力学响应的损伤定位(Zhang et al. 2024); c. 微观力学响应损伤预测能力差异(Shi et al. 2020))

    表  1  主要实体汽车碰撞假人年表

    年份 型号 碰撞环境 特点 缺陷
    1949 Sierra Sam 95th男性 正面 人体形状;
    铰接式关节
    人体仿生程度低;
    响应采集能力低;
    可重复性与再现性差
    1966 VIP 5th女性
    50th男性
    95th男性
    正面 考虑性别与体型;
    橡胶颈部;
    头部、胸椎及腿部传感器
    人体仿生程度低;
    可重复性与再现性差
    1971 Hybrid I 50th男性 正面 橡胶颈部;
    皮肤材料优化
    颈部生物逼真度低;
    响应采集能力低
    1972 Hybrid II 50th男性 正面 第一种法定假人;
    重复性与再现性提升
    关节刚度不佳;
    缺乏必要传感器;
    1973 GMATD 502 50th男性 正面 坐姿接近人体;
    恒定扭矩的肩关节与膝关节;
    颈部安装角度可调
    图纸与文件不足;
    颈部与胸部生物逼真度低
    1976 Hybrid III 50th男性 正面
    后向
    生物逼真度提升;
    高质量传感器;
    图纸与文件完善
    载荷位置与温度敏感性;
    胸腹响应采集能力不足;
    后碰撞生物逼真度不足
    1978 Hybrid IIP 50th男性 行人 表征小腿和膝盖损伤风险 质量分布与人体存在差异
    1979 SID 50th男性 侧面
    行人
    胸部设置液压减震器;
    增加胸部质量替代肩部与手臂质量
    缺乏肩部载荷传递路径;
    胸椎刚度不佳;
    生物逼真度不足
    1982 GM 3-year-old airbag 3岁儿童 正面 泡沫填充胸腔;
    颈部分段结构
    外部生物逼真度不足
    1985 Hybrid II 3岁和6岁儿童 正面 基于ARL儿童假人改进 人体测量学可靠性不足;
    生物逼真度不足
    1987 Hybrid III 5th女性
    95th男性
    正面
    后向
    基于Hybrid III 50th假人
    缩放
    胸腹响应采集能力不足;
    无法用于侧面碰撞;
    人体测量学可靠性不足
    1987 Hybrid III 6岁儿童 正面 基于Hybrid III假人缩放; 响应采集能力不足;
    颈部与脊椎僵硬
    1989 EUROSID-1 50th男性 侧面 针对侧面碰撞设计的颈、胸、腹与骨盆结构 肋骨生物逼真度不足;
    响应采集能力不足;
    仅能用于汽车前排乘员
    1989 BIOSID 50th男性 侧面 较为完善的肋骨−内脏结构;
    胸部、肋骨和骨盆偏转测量能力;
    出色的耐用性、可重复性和再现性
    生物逼真度存在局限性;
    响应采集能力不足
    1990 CRABI 6, 12, 和
    18个月婴儿
    全向 颈部生物逼真度高;
    考虑婴儿与安全气囊交互
    生物逼真度可靠性不足;
    头部响应结果差
    1992 Hybrid III 3岁儿童 正面 基于Hybrid III6岁儿童假人缩放 响应采集能力不足;
    颈部、胸椎与腰椎僵硬;
    忽略下肢撞击损伤
    1994 SID IIs 小体型成年男性
    12至14岁青少年
    5th女性
    侧面 头颈针对侧面碰撞优化设计;
    高频率传感器
    单侧手臂;
    颈部角度不可调整
    1997 Q3 3岁儿童 正面
    侧面
    考虑侧面碰撞;
    颈部灵活且活动范围大;
    浮动的肩部关节
    外部生物逼真度不足;
    颈部角度不可调整;
    节段质量缺乏根据
    1997 THOR 50th男性 正面
    后向
    节段仿生结构;
    被动肌肉作用模拟;
    数据采集系统先进
    无法用于侧面碰撞;
    关节柔性缓冲不足
    1997 RID 1 50th男性 后向 分离椎体的颈椎和胸椎;
    头盖骨载荷传感器;
    为低冲击速度追尾碰撞
    测试设计
    脊柱刚度过大;
    响应采集能力不足
    1997 POLAR 50th男性 行人 适应侧面冲击的脊柱刚度;
    更加柔顺的膝关节;
    柔性材料的胫骨
    冲击下运动学与人体
    存在差异;
    膝关节刚度不足;
    脊柱刚度过大
    1998 BIORID 50th男性 后向 与人体相同数量的椎骨;
    橡胶椎间盘模拟脊柱刚度;
    基于钢丝模拟颈部生物阻尼
    头颈枕髁关节位置保持不佳;
    颈部轴力和弯矩测量不准确;
    颈部弹簧阻尼系统参数设定缺乏依据
    1999 Q6 6岁儿童 正面
    侧面
    基于Q3建立; 侧向生物逼真度不佳
    1999 BioRID II 50th男性 后向 改进的颈部弹簧阻尼;
    更接近人体的脊柱曲线;
    改进的肩胛骨与盆骨
    颈部载荷采集不准确;
    可重复性和再现性较差;
    具有速度敏感性
    1999 POLAR II 50th男性 行人 创新的膝关节设计;
    膝关节韧带刚度可调;
    柔性的股骨与胫骨
    膝关节刚度不足;
    骨盆损伤模拟不佳;
    脊柱僵硬
    2000 Hybrid III PED 5th女性
    50th男性
    95th男性
    行人 优化盆骨以增加髋关节
    活动范围;
    适应行人姿态的腰椎
    膝盖简化, 只允许旋转;
    缺乏侧面冲击下生物逼真度;
    低强度下头部生物逼真度低
    2000 Hybrid III 10岁儿童 正面
    后向
    正常或放松坐姿;
    考虑与安全气囊接触的
    外部逼真度
    响应采集能力不足;
    颈部与脊椎僵硬
    2000 Q0 6周新生儿 正面
    侧面
    基于Q3;
    快速组装与拆卸
    缺乏足够的生物逼真度依据;
    髋关节缺乏生物逼真度
    2000 ES-2 50th男性 侧面 颈部能够侧向屈曲;
    颈部互换性高;
    肋骨、锁骨和肩胛骨灵活;
    耐久性良好
    胸部采集能力不足;
    腹部和骨盆生物逼真度不足;
    背部外部生物逼真度低;
    腹部可重复性与再现性差;
    2000 WorldSID 50th男性 侧面 肋骨偏转方向灵活;
    基于汽车乘员坐姿设计;
    良好的重复性和再现性
    下肢生物逼真度不佳;
    肩关节灵活度不足;
    肩部区域刚度不足
    2000 RID 2 50th男性 后向 骨盆角度可调;
    颈部能够扭曲和侧向弯曲;
    寰椎关节设置15度自由
    运动范围
    寰椎关节缺乏阻尼过于灵活;
    颈部以下脊椎僵硬;
    无法量化假人背部与座椅靠背相互作用
    2003 RID3D 50th男性 后向 斜向冲击测评能力;
    重复性好;
    后背的外部生物逼真度较高
    冲击速度敏感性;
    下颈部灵活度不足;
    胸椎与腰椎僵硬
    2004 ES-2re 50th男性 侧面 基于ES-2优化;
    肩部载荷测量仪器;
    胸部外部生物逼真度增强
    载荷作用位置与方向敏感;
    缺乏肩部偏转测量能力;
    可重复性差
    2004 Q1 12月婴儿 正面
    侧面
    能够测量头部、胸部和骨盆加速度;
    易于组装、拆卸及标定;
    真实的解剖结构
    生物逼真度依据不足;
    脊柱刚度过大;
    侧向生物逼真度不佳
    2004 Q1.5 18月婴儿 正面
    侧面
    能够测量头部、胸部和骨盆加速度;
    易于组装、拆卸及标定;
    真实的解剖结构
    生物逼真度依据不足;
    脊柱刚度过大;
    侧向生物逼真度不佳
    2005 WorldSID 5th女性 侧面 基于WorldSID50th男性假人缩放;
    胸部斜向负荷模拟能力;
    良好的生物逼真度
    颈部结构复杂
    2006 Q3s 3岁儿童 侧面 解决Q3假人头部共振;
    颈、肩、胸和髋关节改进;
    侧向冲击下顺应性较好
    胸部轮廓与人体存在差异;
    颈椎和胸椎刚度过大
    2011 POLAR III 50th男性 行人 改良骨盆和下肢;
    应用大量塑料和橡胶部件以模拟人体阻尼;
    可重复性与再现性良好
    质量分布与人体存在差异;
    采集系统耐久度不佳
    2013 Q10 10.5岁儿童 正面
    侧面
    球窝关节模拟肱骨−肩胛
    骨关节;
    针对“潜水”的腹部压力
    传感器;
    类似WorldSID的骨盆结构
    胸部、脊柱僵硬;
    侧向生物逼真度不佳;
    可重复性与再现性差
    2014 LODC 9-11岁儿童 全向 头部具有儿童惯性特性;
    灵活的胸椎、肩部及颈部;
    具有腹部压力和变形测量能力
    生物逼真度验证不足
    2019 THOR-AV 5th女性
    50th男性
    正面
    后向
    斜倚坐姿;
    更简单、生物逼真度更高颈部
    姿态无法精确控制
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  中国新车评价规程 (2024年版) 主要试验工况及汽车碰撞假人应用总览

    测试环境假人型号代表群体乘员位置核心测评目的
    正面100% 重叠刚性壁障碰撞Hybrid III 50th成年男性驾驶员评估正面碰撞中驾驶员损伤风险, 作为传统法规型正面约束系统性能的基准测试
    正面100% 重叠刚性壁障碰撞Hybrid III 5th小体型成年女性第二排乘员评估正面碰撞中小体型成年乘员损伤风险, 补充对乘员体型差异的覆盖
    正面100% 重叠刚性壁障碰撞Q33岁儿童第二排 (使用儿童约束系统)评估正面碰撞中儿童约束系统对低龄儿童的防护效果及车辆后排安全性
    正面50% 重叠 MPDB 碰撞THOR 50th成年男性驾驶员评估偏置碰撞中驾驶员损伤风险及车辆前部结构碰撞兼容性
    正面50%重叠MPDB碰撞Hybrid III 5th小身材成年女性前排乘员/第二排补充评估偏置碰撞中小体型乘员保护水平
    正面50%重叠MPDB碰撞Q1010 岁儿童第二排 (使用儿童约束系统或增高坐垫)评估偏置碰撞中学龄儿童损伤风险及车辆后排安全性
    侧面可变形移动壁障碰撞WorldSID 50th标准成年男性前排撞击侧评估侧向移动壁障撞击条件前排乘员的胸部、腹部和骨盆损伤风险
    侧面可变形移动壁障碰撞SID-IIs小身材成年女性第二排撞击侧评估侧面碰撞中后排小体型乘员的防护水平
    侧面柱碰撞WorldSID
    50th / ES-2re
    标准成年男性前排评估车辆在侧向侵入、局部集中载荷条件下对前排乘员的极限防护能力
    侧面柱碰撞Q33 岁儿童第二排撞击侧 (使用儿童约束系统)评估固定刚性柱体侧向撞击中儿童乘员的生存空间与约束系统有效性
    低速后碰撞颈部保护(鞭打试验)BioRID II标准成年乘员驾驶员第二排评估低速追尾工况中座椅及头枕系统对颈部挥鞭伤的防护能力
    侧面远端乘员保护
    试验
    WorldSID 50th成年男性滑台试验 (远端侧)评估侧面碰撞中非撞击侧乘员的横向位移与二次碰撞风险
    侧面远端乘员保护
    试验
    SID-IIs女性滑台试验 (远端侧)评估侧面碰撞中非撞击侧小体型乘员的横向位移与二次碰撞风险
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  主要汽车碰撞假人响应采集系统(Aekbote et al. 2018, Crandall et al. 2011, Humanetics 2019, Yoganandan and Nahum 2015)

    假人型号 Hybrid
    III 50th
    Hybrid
    III 5th
    THOR
    50th
    Q3 Q10 WorldSID
    50th
    SID
    IIs
    ES
    2re
    BioRID
    II
    通道数量 40-70 40-70 150-200 约31 约72 200-250 约140 约78 约50
    头部
    面部力
    头盖骨力
    头部加速度
    头部角速度 $ {\omega }_{x} $, $ {\omega }_{z} $
    头部转角 $ {\theta }_{y} $ $ {\theta }_{y} $
    颈部
    上颈部力/力矩
    下颈部力/力矩 $ {F}_{x} $, $ {F}_{z} $, $ {M}_{y} $
    肩部与手臂
    肩部力 $ {F}_{x} $, $ {F}_{y} $ $ {F}_{x} $, $ {F}_{y} $ $ {F}_{x} $, $ {F}_{z} $,
    $ {M}_{x} $, $ {M}_{y} $
    肩部加速度 $ {a}_{y} $
    手臂加速度
    肩部转角 $ {\theta }_{y} $ $ {\theta }_{y} $
    大臂力/力矩
    小臂力/力矩
    胸部
    T1加速度 $ {a}_{y} $ $ {a}_{x} $, $ {a}_{z} $
    T1角速度
    T1力/力矩 $ {F}_{x} $, $ {F}_{z} $, $ {M}_{y} $
    胸部转角 $ {\theta }_{x} $ $ {\theta }_{x} $ $ {\theta }_{z} $ $ {\theta }_{y} $ $ {\theta }_{y} $ $ {\theta }_{y} $
    胸部变形 $ {S}_{x} $或$ {S}_{y} $ $ {S}_{x} $或$ {S}_{y} $
    肋骨加速度 $ {a}_{x} $ $ {a}_{x} $ $ {a}_{x} $ $ {a}_{x} $, $ {a}_{y} $ $ {a}_{x} $, $ {a}_{y} $ $ {a}_{y} $ $ {a}_{y} $ $ {a}_{x} $, $ {a}_{y} $
    胸椎加速度 $ {a}_{x} $, $ {a}_{z} $
    胸椎力/力矩
    胸锥角速度
    T12加速度
    T12角速度
    T12力/力矩 $ {F}_{x} $, $ {F}_{y} $, $ {F}_{z} $,
    $ {M}_{x} $, $ {M}_{y} $
    $ {F}_{x} $, $ {F}_{y} $,
    $ {M}_{x} $, $ {M}_{y} $
    腹部
    上腹部加速度 $ {a}_{x} $
    腹部压力 $ {F}_{x} $, $ {F}_{y} $,
    $ {M}_{x} $, $ {M}_{y} $
    腹部转角 $ {\theta }_{y} $ $ {\theta }_{y} $ $ {\theta }_{y} $
    腰椎力/力矩 $ {F}_{y} $, $ {F}_{z} $,
    $ {M}_{x} $, $ {M}_{z} $
    $ {F}_{y} $, $ {F}_{z} $, $ {M}_{x} $
    腰椎加速度 $ {a}_{x} $, $ {a}_{y} $ $ {a}_{x} $, $ {a}_{z} $
    腰椎角速度 $ {\omega }_{x} $, $ {\omega }_{y} $
    髋部
    盆骨加速度
    盆骨角速度
    髂骨力/力矩 $ {F}_{x} $, $ {M}_{y} $ $ {F}_{x} $, $ {M}_{y} $ $ {F}_{x} $, $ {M}_{y} $ $ {F}_{y} $ $ {F}_{y} $
    骶髂关节力
    髋臼力 $ {F}_{y} $
    耻骨力 $ {F}_{y} $ $ {F}_{y} $ $ {F}_{y} $ $ {F}_{y} $
    下肢
    股骨力/力矩
    股骨颈力/力矩
    膝部力 $ {F}_{z} $ $ {F}_{z} $ $ {F}_{z} $ $ {F}_{z} $ $ {F}_{z} $
    膝关节剪切
    位移
    $ {S}_{x} $ $ {S}_{x} $ $ {S}_{x} $
    胫骨力/力矩 $ {F}_{x} $, $ {F}_{y} $,
    $ {F}_{z} $, $ {M}_{x} $
    胫骨加速度 $ {a}_{x} $, $ {a}_{y} $
    脚踝转角
    脚部加速度
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4  损伤评测常用力学响应的缩放比例因子

    力学响应关系 量纲分析 比例因子 应用
    线性位移($ \delta $)与长度($ L $) $ \dfrac{{\delta }_{target}}{{\delta }_{source}}=\dfrac{{L}_{target}}{{L}_{source}}=\lambda $ $ \lambda $ 关节活动范围
    胸腔压缩量
    力($ F $)与横截面积($ A $) $ F\propto A\propto {\sigma }_{y} $
    $ \dfrac{{F}_{target}}{{F}_{source}}=\dfrac{{A}_{target}}{{A}_{source}}={\lambda }^{2} $
    $ {\lambda }^{2} $ 骨折阈值
    韧带拉伸力
    刚度(k)与长度($ L $) $ \dfrac{{k}_{target}}{{k}_{source}}=\dfrac{{F}_{target}}{{\delta }_{target}}\cdot \dfrac{{\delta }_{source}}{{F}_{source}}\propto {\lambda }^{2}\cdot \dfrac{1}{\lambda }=\lambda $ $ \lambda $ 关节旋转刚度
    胸腔压缩刚度
    能量($ E $)与体积($ V $) $ \dfrac{{E}_{target}}{{E}_{source}}=\dfrac{\displaystyle\int {F}_{target}{\mathrm{d}}\delta }{\displaystyle\int {F}_{source}{\mathrm{d}}\delta }\propto {\lambda }^{2}\cdot \lambda ={\lambda }^{3} $ $ {\lambda }^{3} $ 组织损伤吸收能
    碰撞动能耐受
    时间($ t $)与长度($ L $) $ \dfrac{{t}_{target}}{{t}_{source}}\propto \sqrt{\dfrac{{L}_{target}}{g}}\cdot \sqrt{\dfrac{g}{{L}_{source}}}={\lambda }^{\frac{1}{2}} $ $ {\lambda }^{\frac{1}{2}} $ 时间历程
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5  主要多体人体生物模型简介

    名称 多体人体生物模型
    Side impact MADYMO model Robby 50th percentile male
    初始版本/最新版本 1994/1994 1997 1998/2005
    图片
    软件 MADYMO PAM-Crash MADYMO
    人体测量学人群 欧洲 欧洲 全球
    标准体型 50百分位男性 6岁儿童
    5百分位女性
    50百分位男性
    3岁儿童
    5百分位女性
    50百分位男性
    95百分位男性
    身高/体重/MRI 不适用/75 kg/不适用 不适用/不适用/不适用 不适用/不适用/不适用
    几何模型来源 GEBOD数据库
    RAMSIS数据库
    RAMSIS数据库
    Q系列儿童假人
    GEBOD数据库
    RAMSIS数据库
    结构组成 18个椭球体 64个椭球体 2174 个皮肤刚性面
    7个胸部柔性体
    25个脊柱关节
    缩放 体型 不适用 单独建模 不适用
    材料属性 不适用 缺乏儿童数据 不适用
    标准姿态 乘员坐姿 乘员坐姿 行人站姿 乘员坐姿
    姿态变换 不适用 单独建模 不适用
    肌肉 主动肌肉力
    肌肉形态 不适用 一维主动肌肉 不适用
    激活策略 不适用 考虑设计参数边界的肌肉激活控制算法 不适用
    接触与连
    接特性
    建模方式 弹簧−质量阻尼器系统 弹簧−质量阻尼器系统 弹簧−质量阻尼器系统
    参数定义 优化调整 先前文献数据 先前文献数据
    验证
    生物逼真
    度评价
    方式 客观定性 客观定性 客观定量
    软件
    指标 力学响应通道 力学响应通道 力学响应通道
    开源情况
    特点 第一个整人多体人体生物模型; 针对侧面碰撞损伤指标设置了详细的数据处理方法. 人体测量学数据不足
    缺乏儿童人群基础数据
    关注正面碰撞中头颈与胸部生物力学响应
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5-2  主要有限元人体生物模型简介

    名称 Finite element model of a human occupant in a
    side impact
    3D Finite Element Model of the Human Body H-model
    初始版本/最新版本 1994/1994 1998/1994 1999/2005
    图片
    软件 PAM-CRASH Radioss PAM-CRASH
    人体测量学代表人群 美国 美国 欧洲
    标准体型 50百分位男性 50百分位男性 3岁与6岁儿童
    5百分位女性
    50百分位男性
    身高/体重/BMI 不适用/75 kg/不适用 不适用/不适用/不适用 不适用/不适用/不适用
    几何来源 公开人体测量学数据 公开人体测量学数据 公开几何数据库
    节点与单元 9308个六面体单元
    2384个壳单元
    514个两点阻尼单元
    3638个实体单元
    6308个壳单元
    225个弹簧单元
    不适用
    体型缩放 不适用 不适用 不适用
    标准姿态 乘员坐姿 乘员坐姿 乘员坐姿
    姿态变换 不适用 不适用 手动调整
    肌肉 主动肌肉力
    肌肉形态 二维与三维混合被动肌肉 三维被动肌肉 一维主动肌肉
    激活形态 不适用 不适用 激活曲线输入
    接触与连
    接特性
    建模方式 共节点; 接触算法 共节点; 接触算法 共节点; 绑定; 接触算法
    参数定义 先前研究定义 先前研究定义 先前研究定义
    验证
    生物逼真
    度评价
    方式 客观定性 客观定性 客观定性
    软件
    指标 力学响应通道 力学响应通道 力学响应通道
    开源情况
    特点 关注侧面碰撞中人体与车门相互作用下的生物力学响应;
    参考胸部损伤指标进行验证.
    较为详细的解剖结构
    建模水平;
    完备的验证矩阵;
    系列化的损伤预测指标.
    可变形的外部和内部组件模块化组装;
    关节刚度特性针对性建模.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5-3  主要有限元人体生物模型简介

    名称 Total Human Model for Safety, THUMS Human Model for Safety, HUMOS Ford Human Body FE Model, FHBM
    初始版本/最新版本 2000/2023 2001/2005 2003/2003
    图片
    软件 LS-Dyna Radioss
    Pam-Crash
    LS-Dyna
    人体测量学代表人群 美国 欧洲 美国
    标准体型 5百分位女性
    50百分位男性
    95百分位男性
    5百分位女性
    50百分位男性
    95百分位男性
    50百分位男性
    身高/体重/BMI 179 cm/ 78 kg/24.34 178 cm/77 kg/24.30 不适用/不适用/不适用
    几何来源 CT医学影像 HUMOS切片解剖数据库
    EOS医学影像
    Visible Human Project
    先前节段模型几何
    CT医学影像
    节点与单元 约210万个单元
    约84万个节点
    约 13万个节点
    约 18万个单元
    103000个节点
    119000个单元
    体型缩放 成熟的体型缩放体系 基于控制点的克里金法 比例因子缩放
    标准姿态 行人站姿 乘员坐姿 大倾角姿态 行人站姿 乘员坐姿 乘员坐姿
    姿态变换 克里金法;
    径向基函数法
    基于有限元求解器的交互式实时姿态变换;
    基于预先定位姿态的线性插值
    不适用
    肌肉 主动肌肉力 不适用
    肌肉形态 一维主动肌/三维被动肌 一维/三维被动肌肉 未详细建模
    激活形态 基于关节角度与肌肉力的PID(Proportion Integration Differentiation)控制 不适用 不适用
    接触与连接特性 建模方式 共节点; 绑定; 接触算法 共节点; 接触算法 共节点; 绑定; 接触算法
    参数定义 先前研究定义 先前研究定义 先前研究定义
    验证
    生物逼真度评价 方式 客观定量 客观定性 客观定性
    软件 ISO/TS 18571 (2014)
    指标 ISO等级 力学响应通道 力学响应通道
    开源情况 人体模型
    特点 较高的建模精度;
    全面的生物逼真度验证;
    应用范围最广
    应用统计形状模型及
    统计学位置;
    可缩放得到任意体型
    胸腹部主要血管建模;
    比较了模型力学响应与个体冲击试验之间差异
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5-4  主要有限元人体生物模型简介

    名称 5th percentile small female chest Model, FEM-5F WSU Whole-body
    Human Model
    Global Human Body Models Consortium, GHBMC
    初始版本/最新版本 2005/2005 2005/2005 2006/2022
    图片
    软件 LS-DYNA
    PAM-CRASH
    LS-Dyna LS-Dyna
    人体测量学代表人群 美国与欧洲 美国 美国陆军人体测量调查
    标准体型 5百分位女性 3岁与6岁儿童
    5百分位女性
    50百分位男性
    95百分位男性
    3岁与6岁儿童
    5百分位女性
    50百分位男性
    95百分位男性
    身高/体重/BMI 47.168 kg/152.0 cm/20.42 不适用/76.03 kg/不适用 174.9cm/78.0kg/25.50
    几何来源 THUMS-AF05 occupant version 1.0β
    WSU器官模型
    Visible Human Project
    高分辨率冷冻切片
    MRI医学影像
    三维扫描仪采集外形
    CT与MRI医学影像
    节点与单元 47348个实体元件
    66685个壳单元
    588个一维单元
    2112个安全带单元
    153790个节点
    171681个单元
    约126万个节点
    约210万个单元
    体型缩放 不适用 比例因子缩放 径向基函数缩放
    标准姿态 乘员坐姿 乘员坐姿 乘员坐姿 行人站姿
    姿态变换 不适用 不适用 LS-PrePost及其子程序
    重定位模型树
    肌肉 主动肌肉力 不适用
    肌肉形态 三种维度被动肌肉 三维被动肌肉 一维与三维混合肌肉
    激活形态 不适用 不适用 不适用
    接触与连
    接特性
    建模方式 共节点; 绑定; 接触算法 共节点; 绑定; 接触算法 共节点; 绑定; 接触算法
    参数定义 骨间零摩擦 先前研究定义 先前研究定义
    验证
    生物逼真
    度评价
    方式 客观定性 客观定性 客观定量
    软件 CORA
    指标 力学响应通道 力学响应通道 CORA评分
    开源情况
    特点 基于相应体型人体的力学响应通道进行生物逼真度验证;
    胸部针对性验证
    KTH(knee-thigh-hip)复合体损伤模拟针对性 较为详细的解剖结构完备的验证矩阵;
    系列化的损伤预测指标
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5-5  主要有限元人体生物模型简介

    名称 SAFER PIPER Child model Chinese Human Body Model (CHUBM)
    初始版本/最新版本 2008/2023 2013/2016 2016/2016
    图片
    软件 LS-Dyna LS-Dyna LS-Dyna
    人体测量学代表人群 美国 美国 中国
    标准体型 5百分位女性
    50百分位男性
    6岁儿童
    (1.5至6岁缩放体型)
    50百分位男性
    身高/体重/BMI 175.0 cm/77.0 kg/25.14 114.6 cm/不适用/不适用 不适用/不适用/不适用
    几何来源 THUMS v3
    公开数据集
    统计形状模型
    公开人体测量学数据库
    志愿者CT医学影像
    CT医学影像
    节点与单元 约60万个节点
    约110万个单元
    139595个节点
    540767个单元
    542628个节点
    565364个单元
    体型缩放 径向基函数缩放 克里金插值 不适用
    标准姿态 行人站姿 乘员坐姿 乘员坐姿 乘员坐姿
    姿态变换 单独建模
    PRIMER木偶法预仿真
    基于PIPER的非线性缩放
    (克里格插值)
    肌肉 主动肌肉力
    肌肉形态 一维主动肌/三维被动肌 一维/三维混合被动肌肉 一维、三维混合被动肌肉
    激活形态 颈椎、胸椎姿态反馈控制
    腿部肌肉开环控制
    空间调谐模式
    不适用 不适用
    接触与连
    接特性
    建模方式 共节点; 绑定; 接触算法 共节点; 绑定; 接触算法 共节点; 绑定; 接触算法
    参数定义 先前研究参数 先前研究定义 先前研究定义
    验证
    生物逼真
    度评价
    方式 客观定性 客观定性 客观定性
    软件
    指标 力学响应通道 力学响应通道 力学响应通道
    开源情况 人体模型与验证模型
    特点 肋骨应用统计形状模型;
    头、颈部及胸部引入详细模型或进行迭代优化;
    基于应变损伤概率预测.
    关注正面碰撞中头颈与胸部生物力学响应;
    强大的体型与姿态变换能力
    基于50位志愿者CT医学影像建模;
    较为详细的人体解剖
    结构建模
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5-6  主要有限元人体生物模型简介

    名称 The Collaborative Human Advanced Research Models, CHARMs TUST Injury Bionic Models, TUST IBMs VIrtual Vehicle safety Assessment, VIVA +
    初始版本/最新版本 2016/2018 2021/2022 2016/2022
    图片
    软件 LS-DYNA LS-Dyna LS-DYNA
    人体测量学代表人群 美国疾病控制与预防
    中心标准
    中国人志愿者 欧洲
    标准体型 10岁儿童志愿者平均值
    70岁50百分位女性
    3岁与6岁儿童
    5百分位女性
    50百分位男性
    95百分位男性
    50百分位女性
    50百分位男性
    身高/体重/BMI 160.2 cm/73.3 kg/28.56 153.0 cm/ 62.0kg/26.49 162.0 cm/ 62 kg/23.62
    几何来源 CT与MRI医学影像
    先前研究基础数据
    CT与MRI医学影像 先前研究基础数据
    统计形状模型
    CT、MRI医学影像
    节点与单元 94931个节点
    1678610个单元
    92.5万个节点
    111. 1万个单元
    535352个节点
    770545个节点
    体型缩放 单独建模 单独建模 统计形状模型参数控制
    径向基函数插值
    标准姿态 行人站姿 乘员坐姿 行人站姿 乘员坐姿 行人站姿 乘员坐姿
    姿态变换 单独建模 单独建模 径向基函数插值
    肌肉 主动肌肉力
    肌肉形态 一维被动肌 一维与三维混合被动肌肉 三维被动肌
    激活形态 不适用 不适用 不适用
    接触与连
    接特性
    建模方式 共节点; 绑定; 接触算法 共节点; 绑定; 接触算法 共节点; 绑定; 接触算法
    参数定义 先前研究参数 先前研究定义 先前研究参数
    验证
    生物逼真
    度评价
    方式 客观定量 客观定性 客观定性
    软件 ISO/TS 18571
    指标 ISO/TS 18571等级 力学响应通道 力学响应通道
    开源情况 人体模型; 验证模型
    特点 针对年龄差异优化的皮质骨厚度与组织材料力学特性 较高的六面体网格比例;
    较为详细的人体解
    剖结构建模
    模型精度与计算成本的均衡; 基于质量分布的软组
    织密度调整
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5-7  主要有限元人体生物模型简介

    名称 Chinese Human Body Model, C-HBM AC-HUMS CATARC-HBM
    初始版本−最新版本 2021/2024 2025 2025
    图片
    软件 LS-Dyna LS-Dyna LS-Dyna
    人体测量学代表人群 中国 中国 中国
    标准体型 50百分位男性 50百分位男性 50百分位男性
    身高/体重/MRI 169.0 cm/67.8 kg/23.74 168.8 cm/67.7 kg/23.76 169.1cm/67.8kg/23.74
    几何模型来源 CT、MRI及3D EOS
    医学影像
    CT、MRI医学影像 基于CT、MRI医学影像的统计形状模型
    节点与单元 33,2513个节点
    138,6208个单元
    约214.6万单元
    约98.3万节点
    1157342节点
    1491655单元
    体型缩放 不适用 不适用 不适用
    标准姿态 行人站姿 乘员坐姿 行人站姿 乘员坐姿 行人站姿 乘员坐姿 大倾角姿态
    姿态变换 单独建模 ANSA人体模型姿态
    调整工具
    ANSA人体模型姿态调整工具
    肌肉 主动肌肉力
    肌肉形态 一维主动肌/三维被动肌 一维主动肌/三维被动肌 一维主动肌/三维被动肌
    激活策略 肌肉激活曲线输入 不适用 不适用
    接触与连接特性 建模方式 先前研究参数 不适用 先前研究参数
    参数定义 先前研究参数 不适用 先前研究参数
    验证 不适用
    生物逼真度评价 方式 客观定性 客观定性 欧洲新车测试规程技术公告 CP 550
    软件 META生物逼真度评估工具
    指标 力学响应通道 力学响应通道 椭圆评分
    动态弧长匹配评分
    开源情况 是(不包含材料属性) 是(不包含材料属性)
    特点 计算成本与生物逼真
    度的平衡
    最新的中国人体测量学尺寸
    颅−脑滑移界面
    中国骨截面尺寸数据
    最新的中国人体测量学尺寸
    实测中国人体组织差异应变率生物力学性能
    主要肌肉实体建模
    基于统计形状模型的
    精确测量学尺寸
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5-1  主要多体人体生物模型简介

    名称 多体人体生物模型
    Scaleable mid-size male Simplified Human Multibody Model, s-HBM Active Human Model, AHM
    初始版本/最新版本 2003/2023 2022/2022
    图片
    软件 MADYMO MADYMO MADYMO
    人体测量学人群 欧美 欧美 欧美
    标准体型 3岁与6岁儿童
    5百分位女性
    50百分位男性
    95百分位男性
    50百分位男性 50百分位男性
    身高/体重/MRI 不适用/不适用/不适用 不适用/不适用/不适用 不适用/不适用/不适用
    几何模型来源 DIGIMATION 和VISIBLE HUMAN PROJECT数据库 TB024行人模型 RAMSIS数据库
    结构组成 64个椭球体 70 个椭球体
    52 个关节
    52 个刚体
    182个刚体
    8个柔性体
    191个关节
    尺寸缩放 差异方向与差异身体部位尺寸的缩放因子 差异方向与差异身体部位尺寸的缩放因子 差异方向与差异身体部位尺寸的缩放因子
    标准姿态 行人站姿 行人站姿 乘员坐姿 行人站姿
    姿态变换 关节角度 关节角度 关节角度
    肌肉 主动肌肉力
    肌肉形态 不适用 不适用 一维主动肌肉
    激活策略 不适用 不适用 肌肉激活控制器
    关节扭矩制动器
    接触与连
    接特性
    建模方式 弹簧−质量阻尼器系统 弹簧−质量阻尼器系统 弹簧−质量阻尼器系统
    参数定义 先前文献数据 先前文献数据 先前文献数据
    验证 冲击器冲击验证
    生物逼真
    度评价
    方式 客观定量 客观定性 客观定性
    软件 ADVISER software
    指标 力学响应通道峰值比、
    峰值时间比
    力学响应通道 力学响应通道
    开源情况
    特点 缺乏儿童人群基础数据 进一步降低计算成本;
    符合TB204规范
    碰撞前阶段主动肌肉引导的人体运动
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6  FE-HBM常用材料属性

    组织类型 本构模型类型 LS-Dyna材料卡片 特点
    骨骼组织与牙齿 线弹性 *MAT_ELASTIC 适用用于简化的二维单元骨骼组织
    各向异性线弹性 *MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_
    ELASTIC
    适用于模拟不同方向的骨骼特性
    弹塑性 *MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_
    PLASTICITY
    基础弹塑性模型, 适用于皮质骨与松质骨力学行为建模
    弹塑性 *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC 适用于骨折和骨组织失效模拟
    弹塑性 *MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_
    PLASTIC
    考虑屈服行为, 适用于高强度冲击场景
    弹塑性 *MAT_PLASTICITY_WITH_
    DAMAGE
    以塑性行为为主, 适用于模拟骨折和骨组织失效
    基于体积压缩响应的
    Fu-Chang模型
    *MAT_FU_CHANG_FOAM 适用于松质骨复杂力学行为建模
    粘弹塑性材料 *MAT_DAMAGE_2 常用的骨折和骨组织失效卡片
    器官软组织 应变能函数可选的通用超弹性本构模型(支持Neo-Hookean、Yeoh、Arruda-Boyce与Ogden) *MAT_HYPERELASTIC_
    RUBBER
    非线性超弹性行为, 适用于软组织大变形仿真
    基于Ogden应变能函数的超弹性本构模型 *MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER 考虑高度非线性力学响应
    基于Mooney-Rivlin应变能函数的超弹性本构模型 *MAT_MOONEY-RIVLIN_RUBBER 经典超弹性模型, 适用于中等非线性软组织建模
    各向异性弹性 *MAT_FABRIC 适用于皮肤内脏表皮建模
    泡沫 *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM 适用于简化内脏建模
    Kelvin-Maxwell粘弹性 *MAT_KELVIN-MAXWELL_VISCOELASTIC 适用于脑组织建模
    各向异性纤维加强型超弹性 *MAT_HEART_TISSUE 心脏专用材料卡片
    考虑孔隙的非线性体积
    压缩响应
    *MAT_LUNG_TISSUE 肺部专用材料卡片
    肌肉组织 主动肌肉 *MAT_MUSCLE 包括主动收缩特性, 适用于模拟肌肉主动激活行为
    线性粘弹性 *MAT_VISCOELASTIC 考虑时间依赖性和粘弹性行为, 适用于被动肌肉仿真
    简化的超弹性/泡沫 *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER/FOAM 适用于简化肌肉建模
    结缔组织 粘弹性 *MAT_VISCOELASTIC 同时考虑粘性和弹性效应, 适用于描述韧带和肌腱的力学特性
    超弹性 *MAT_HYPERELASTIC_
    RUBBER
    适用于高柔韧韧带和肌腱材料建模
    脂肪组织 可压缩泡沫 *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM 适用于低密度和可压缩的脂肪建模
    不可压缩橡胶泡沫材料 *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER/FOAM 适用于简化脂肪建模
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2026-01-30
  • 录用日期:  2026-03-05
  • 网络出版日期:  2026-04-06

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