Development and application of electromagnetic loading expansion ring test technology
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摘要: 电磁加载膨胀环试验技术是实现高应变率拉伸加载的重要手段, 可实现应变率104 s−1量级的一维拉伸加载. 洛伦兹力作为一种体力均匀施加于膨胀环试样, 避免了面力加载的波传播效应, 且环形试样结构的特点避免了传统狗骨形试样末端夹持效应的影响, 因此, 电磁加载膨胀环试验技术被广泛应用于材料在高应变率下的拉伸力学行为研究. 本文首先介绍了膨胀环试验技术的基本原理, 回顾了膨胀环试验加载技术的发展历史以及应用于膨胀环试验的测试技术发展情况. 然后对电磁加载膨胀环试验技术的应用进行了综述, 梳理了该试验技术在材料动态力学性能、动态断 (碎) 裂行为、动态延性行为、高温绝热特性等方面的前沿研究进展. 最后讨论了电磁加载膨胀环试验技术在固体力学领域的发展前景与方向. 为从事材料动态力学行为试验技术领域的科研工作者提供较为系统的信息参考, 同时为那些对电磁加载膨胀环试验技术感兴趣的青年科研人员提供本领域系统全面的知识.Abstract: Electromagnetic loading expansion ring test technology is an important means to achieve high strain rate tensile loading, capable of achieving strain rates on the order of 104 s−1 for one-dimensional tensile loading. Electromagnetic Lorentz forces are uniformly applied to the expansion ring specimens as a body force, and the dynamic loading process does not involve stress wave propagation effects. Moreover, the characteristic structure of the ring specimens avoids the end grip effects seen with traditional dog-bone-shaped specimens. Therefore, electromagnetic loading expansion ring test technology is widely used in the study of the tensile mechanical behavior of materials at high strain rates. This paper first introduces the basic principles of dynamic loading expansion ring test technology, then discusses the disadvantages of explosion-driven expansion ring test technology and the advantages of electromagnetic-driven expansion ring test technology, and reviews the development history of electromagnetic loading expansion ring test technology. It then summarizes the cutting-edge research progress of electromagnetic loading expansion ring test technology in the dynamic mechanical properties of materials, dynamic fracture behavior, dynamic ductile behavior, and high-temperature adiabatic properties. Finally, it discusses the development prospects and directions of electromagnetic loading expansion ring test technology in the field of solid mechanics. This provides a relatively systematic reference for researchers engaged in the experimental technology field of dynamic mechanical behavior of materials and offers a comprehensive and systematic knowledge of the field for young researchers interested in electromagnetic loading expansion ring test technology.
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图 1 膨胀环原理示意图(Johnson et al. 1963)
图 2 Walling的电磁加载系统(Forrestal & Walling 1972)
图 3 Grady设计的电磁膨胀环线圈及试样系统(Grady & Benson 1983)
图 4 Gourdin所设计的电磁驱动原理示意图(Gourdin 1989c)
图 5 截流方式影响. (a)短路截流方式, (b)断路截流方式(俞鑫炉 等 2017)
图 6 材料电阻率对电磁加载结果的影响(Gourdin et al. 1989b, Gourdin 1989c)
图 7 膨胀环复合加载方案(Gourdin 1989c)
图 8 X37CrMoV51钢的膨胀速度曲线试验与模拟对比(Janiszewski & Panowicz 2013)
图 10 冲击驱动圆环膨胀装置原理. 1.1 弹丸引导结构, 1.2冲击弹丸, 2 HDPE圆盘, 3试样, 4 钢砧, 5 圆盘引导结构, 6 测试探头, 7 接触传感器 (Fanny et al. 2021)
图 11 VISAR测试结果(Landen et al. 2005)
图 12 PDV系统示意图(Johnson et al. 2009)
图 13 PDV系统示意图(Johnson et al. 2010)
图 14 锥形反射镜检测系统示意图(Zhang & Ravi-Chandar 2010)
图 15 放电电压对最终应变和维氏硬度的影响(Huang et al. 2014)
图 16 不同加载方式下的应力−应变曲线(Ma et al. 2021)
图 17 Grady的研究结果. (a)碎片数量与膨胀速度相关性(Grady & Benson 1983), (b)试验与mott理论预测对比(Grady & Olsen 2003)
图 19 镁合金环的颈缩碎裂(Kahana et al. 2015)
图 20 热效应对AZ31镁合金影响. (a)颈缩对比图, (b)平均应变与膨胀速度关系(Nicolas & Krishnaswamy 2018)
图 21 膨胀速度对颈缩和碎片数量影响(Ma et al. 2021)
图 22 探针布置位置(Dan et al. 2020)
图 23 Zylon/epoxy复合材料电磁加载研究. (a)实验装置与结果, (b)破坏应力与试样厚度关系(Jiang et al. 2016)
图 24 应变率对动态碎裂的影响. (a)失效应变, (b)碎片数量(Yang et al. 2016)
图 25 膨胀速度对铜、6061铝合金和6061-T6铝合金影响. 实心表示总伸长率, 空心表示均匀伸长率 (Altynova et al. 1996)
图 26 4种材料动态延性性能. (a) 冷轧铜Cu-ETP, (b) 7075铝合金, (c) 枪管钢, (d) 钨合金 (Janiszewski 2012b)
图 27 试样宽度对延性的影响. (a) 6061-T4铝合金, (b)铜 (Tamhane et al. 1996)
图 28 3种材料电磁膨胀环测试结果与数值计算结果对比. (a)
11000 铜, (b) 6061-T6铝合金, (c) 7075-T6铝合金(Satapathy & Landen 2006)
图 29 预热电路和加载电路(Wetz et al. 2011)
图 30 铜的高温特性研究. (a)预热温升, (b)强度对比(Landen et al. 2008, Weggel et al. 1994)
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