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摘要: 连接结构作为工业装备的核心部件之一, 是装备制造领域着重攻关优化的关键基础部件. 当前, 因连接界面的非线性、复杂性、不确定性等引起的跨尺度和多物理场复杂力学行为机理不明, 导致精准预测连接结构动力学特性和监测其动态服役性能存在困难, 成为制约精密结构动力学分析、高保真仿真、设计、优化和控制等问题的关键和瓶颈. 然而连接结构应用广泛, 工程和技术人员对连接结构的机理及其多功能化有进一步的需求. 本文主要综述连接结构界面摩擦力学的解析建模、有限元建模以及实验系统, 并提出新型连接结构设计的发展趋势. 首先, 根据连接使役环境需求、工程存在问题及缺乏有效强度刚度预测理论, 综述了螺栓连接结构载荷类型及精准构建连接等效模型应用. 其次, 重点概述了连接结构界面摩擦的几类主流理论模型, 包括描述微/纳尺度分析连接界面多尺度物理行为和规律的本构模型、采用系统辨识理论和方法得到宏观界面力学响应的唯象模型、结合本构微观接触机理和系统辨识宏观角度的唯象学本构摩擦模型. 然后, 综述了以有限元方法为基础的连接结构仿真以及实验方法, 具体包括直接有限元建模、间接等效有限元建模、实验基准系统以及各向激励连接结构实验平台. 最后, 基于装备领域连接结构多功能需求, 提出“传静抑动”连接件以及轻量化仿生连接件的新型连接件设计思想.Abstract: Joints, as fundamental components of industrial machinery, are pivotal for extensive research and optimization in the realm of equipment manufacturing. Currently, due to the nonlinearity, complexity, and uncertainty of joint interfaces, the behavior mechanism of cross-scale and multi-physical field complex mechanics is unclear, making it difficult to accurately predict the dynamic characteristics of joint structures and monitor their dynamic service performance. This has become a key and bottleneck that restricts precision structural dynamics analysis, high-fidelity simulation, design, optimization, and control. However, joint structures are widely used, and engineering and technical personnel have further demand for the mechanism and multifunctionality of joint structures. This article mainly reviews the analytical modeling, finite element modeling, and experimental systems of joint structure interface friction mechanics, and proposes the development trend of new joint structure design. Firstly, based on the requirements of the joint's working environment, engineering problems, and the lack of effective strength and stiffness prediction theory, this paper reviews the load types of bolted connection structures and the application of precise joint equivalent models. Secondly, several mainstream theoretical models of friction joint structures were summarized, including a constitutive model that analyzes the multi-scale physical behavior and laws of the joint interface at the micro/nano scale, a phenomenological model that derives macroscopic dynamic responses using system identification theory and methods, and a phenomenological constitutive friction model that integrates the microscopic contact mechanism of the constitutive model with the macroscopic perspective of system identification. Then, reviewing the simulation method based on the finite element and experimental methods of joint structures, which include direct finite element modeling, indirect equivalent finite element modeling, experimental benchmark systems, and anisotropic excitation joint structure experimental platforms. Finally, a new joint design concept addressing the multifunctional requirements of joint structures in the equipment field is proposed. This concept involves “transmitting static and suppressing dynamic” joint components as well as lightweight biomimetic joint components.
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图 1 连接结构所涉及的学科、尺度以及物理场. (a)连接结构研究涉及方向, (b)连接结构的多尺度(Stoyanov & Chromik 2017), (c)连接结构的多物理场(Vakis et al. 2018)
图 2 螺栓连接载荷分类. (a)剪切载荷, (b)拉伸载荷(Yang X et al. 2012), (c)扭转载荷, (d)撬动载荷(Fonfría et al. 2023)
图 3 连接结构强度破坏. (a)螺栓拉伸强度与剪切强度破坏(王帅 等 2022), (b)连接件应力集中, (c)螺栓孔应力集中(Zampieri et al. 2019), (d)不同应力及预紧力下连接件疲劳破坏(Jiménez-Peña et al. 2017)
图 4 螺栓连接界面微观力学(Chang Y et al. 2023)
图 5 统计分析方法建模. (a)粗糙表面接触示意图(王东 等 2018), (b)表面粗糙度Gussian分布和Weibull分布拟合直方图(Yu & Polycarpou 2002), (c)单个微凸体黏滑状态示意图(王东 等 2018)
图 6 分形几何方法建模. (a)粗糙表面分形特征(张凯 2019), (b)不同分形维数下粗糙表面(Teengad 2023)
图 7 连接结构的实验特性. (a)螺栓连接结构示意图, (b)加卸载时力与位移关系, (c)力与能量耗散的幂律关系, (d)刚度软化(Brake et al. 2014)
图 8 连接结构的实验趋势(Mathis et al. 2020). (a)不同激励振幅下的频率响应, (b)滞回曲线割线斜率, (c)不同激励振幅下滞回曲线, (d)不同预紧力下滞回曲线
图 9 静态摩擦模型(Gaul & Nitsche 2001). (a)库伦模型, (b)库伦 + 黏性模型, (c)静摩擦 + 库伦 + 黏性摩擦模型, (d) Stribeck摩擦模型, (e) Karnopp摩擦模型
图 10 动态摩擦模型. (a) Dahl模型(Dahl 1976), (b) LuGre模型(De Wit et al. 1995), (c) Valanis模型(Valanis 1971, Gaul et al.1998)
图 11 Iwan模型的发展(Mathis et al. 2020). (a)Masing模型, (b)Prandtl-Ishlinskiĭ单元, (c) Prandtl-Ishlinskiĭ模型滞回曲线
图 12 Iwan模型. (a)串并联Iwan模型(Prager单元串联)(Mathis et al. 2020), (b)并串联Iwan模型(Prandtl单元并联), (c)滞回摩擦模型逻辑关系
图 13 屈服力分布密度函数. (a)均匀分布密度函数(Iwan 1966, Iwan 1967), (b)含截断幂律分布密度函数(Segaleman 2005), (c)含截断幂律分布和双脉冲的密度函数(Li Y & Hao 2016)
图 14 不同Iwan模型对比. (a)改进Iwan模型示意图, (b)改进Iwan模型滞回曲线(Song Y et al. 2004), (c)四参数Iwan模型、RIPP模型以及五参数Iwan模型对比(Brake 2017), (d)六参数Iwan模型和八参数Iwan模型对比(Ranjan & Pandey 2022), (e)基于高阶摩擦的Iwan模型(Brake 2017)
图 15 考虑表面形貌的微观接触建模(Chen J et al. 2019). (a)建模流程及Jenkins单元接触受力示意图, (b)连接结构4类接触状态
图 16 考虑连接界面的接触压力分布建模(Li D et al. 2020a). (a)建模方法流程图, (b)球-球接触结果, (c)平面-平面接触结果, (d) 3类接触压力分布及相应密度函数(Li D et al. 2020b)
图 17 考虑粗糙表面接触压力分布的统计建模(Yang H et al. 2023). (a)建模方法流程图, (b)平面-平面接触, (c)螺栓连接接触
图 18 有限元直接建模方法(Tanlak et al. 2011). (a)实体连接螺栓模型, (b)壳连接实体螺栓模型, (c)耦合螺栓模型, (d)壳连接螺栓模型, (e) Timoshenko梁耦合螺栓模型, (f) Timoshenko梁无孔耦合螺栓模型, (g)孔绑定模型, (h)交叉耦合约束模型, (i)孔周围梁连接模型, (j)垫片周围梁连接模型, (k)交叉梁连接模型
图 19 有限元间接等效建模. (a)节点到节点接触(Lacayo et al. 2019), (b)薄层单元(Zhang Z et al. 2019), (c)零厚度单元(Balaji et al. 2020), (d)Jenkins单元离散(Li Y & Hao 2016, Li Y et al. 2017), (e) 基于Iwan材料(Jiang et al. 2023)
图 20 典型摩擦连接实验基准系统. (a) BMD (Segalman et al. 2009b), (b) Brake-Reuβ梁(Brake et al. 2014), (c)四螺栓连接方形板(Segalman et al. 2015), (d)双Sumali梁连接(Deaner et al. 2015), (e) Gaul谐振器和双质量哑铃装置(Gaul et al. 1994, Gaul & Lenz 1997, Segalman et al. 2009b)
图 21 连接结构各向激励实验台 (a)横向剪切激励1(Segalman et al. 2009b), (b)横向剪切激励2 (Eriten et al. 2011c, Eriten et al. 2011d, Eriten et al. 2012), (c)横向剪切激励3 (Li D et al. 2020c), (d)轴向拉伸激励(Li H et al. 2022), (e)扭转激励(Liu J et al. 2019)(f)撬动激励(Liu L et al. 2023b, Chen H et al. 2023).
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