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摘要: 合成射流作为一种具有优越控制效果的主动流动控制技术, 在提升飞行器气动性能、减振降噪、强化元器件散热等领域具有重要的学术意义和应用价值. 经过30余年的研究, 人们建立了更准确的合成射流数学模型, 合成射流具有高卷吸能力的物理机理也得到不断深化. 进一步优化合成射流激励器, 提高控制效率成为了研究的重点. 本文主要从激励器结构型式、激励器结构参数以及激励信号三个方面, 总结了近年来在提高合成射流控制效果方面取得的研究进展, 并对未来的研究重点进行了展望.Abstract: As a significant active flow control method, the synthetic jet has been considered to be promising and of great potential in applications. Due to its superior control performance, synthetic jets have wide application in improving aerodynamic characteristics of aircrafts, suppressing vibration and noise, cooling electronic devices and etc. In recent years, a large number of synthetic jet models with higher accuracy have been proposed and the underlying mechanism of the efficient entrainment has been explored more vividly. The optimization of the synthetic jet actuator and further improving its controlling efficiency has attracted more and more attention. The optimization of the actuator and its application are summarized from three aspects respectively, i.e., the actuator structure, the geometric parameters and the actuating signal. Moreover, the possible issues for future investigation have been suggested.
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Key words:
- synthetic jets /
- flow control /
- entrainment /
- actuator optimization
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图 1 合成射流产生原理示意图 (根据Wang et al. 2010绘制)
图 3 相同雷诺数合成射流与连续射流比较(a)射流半宽度
$ b $ 沿流向分布; (b) 体积通量$ Q $ 沿流向分布 (Smith & Swift 2001). 其中,$ h $ 为合成射流出口宽度、$ {Q}_{0} $ 为出口体积通量
图 4 实验与LEM得到的合成射流出口峰值速度随激励频率的变化. 蓝色三角、蓝色实线分别代表实验与LEM预测结果 (Gallas et al. 2003), 红色实线为Sharma (2007) LEM预测结果 (Chiatto et al. 2017)
图 5 “脱落”过程中主涡环与其后射流剪切层分离示意图 (Lawson & Dawson 2013)
图 6 不同出口直径
$ d $ 工况下合成射流动量$ K $ 随冲程比$ L/d $ 变化规律 (a) x轴为对数坐标; (b) x轴为均匀坐标 (Xia & Mohseni 2015). 其中,$ {K}_{s} $ 为根据slug模型计算得到的动量通量
图 7 连续射流CJ和合成射流SJ卷吸系数沿流向分布 (Xu et al. 2023)
图 8 合成射流相位平均
$ {\lambda }_{{\mathrm{ci}}} $ 云图 (Xu et al. 2023)
图 10 双孔合成射流激励器示意图 (Palumbo & De luca 2021)
图 11 单腔多出口合成射流激励器示意图 (Chaudhari et al. 2011)
图 12 合成射流激励器结构型式对比图(a)合成双射流激励器 (He et al. 2019), (b) 双孔合成射流激励器 (Chiatto et al. 2018)
图 13 合成射流激励器孔口边缘构型 (a)平直边缘, (b)圆弧边缘, (c) 尖峰边缘 (Lee & Goldstein 2002)
图 14 不同孔口产生的合成射流涡环在流向
$ x/{D}_{e}=1, 2, 4 $ 位置处演变过程(a)圆形孔口, (b) ~ (f)$ AR=1-5 $ 矩形孔口 (Wang et al. 2018). 其中,$ {D}_{e} $ 为孔口等效直径
图 15 矩形出口合成射流涡环诱导流向涡结构
$ {\lambda }_{{\mathrm{ci}}} $ 等值面图 (Wang et al. 2023)
图 16 不同材料压电膜片合成射流激励器能量转换效率(a)PZT-5A压电膜片合成射流激励器, (b) PMN-PT压电膜片合成射流激励器 (Gungordu et al. 2023)
图 17 激励信号幅值调制原理示意图 (根据Azzawi et al. 2021绘制)
图 18 变吹吸比激励信号示意图. 红色实线为标准正弦信号, 绿色实线为提高吹吸比后的激励信号 (Zhang & Wang 2007)
图 19 不同吹吸比合成射流涡对位置(a) ~ (b)
$ k=2 $ , (c) ~ (d)$ k=1 $ , (e) ~ (f)$ k=0.5 $ . (Zhang & Wang 2007)
图 20 双频激励信号示意图. 蓝色虚线为标准正弦信号, 红色实线为叠加高频信号后的激励信号 (Lu et al. 2022b)
图 21 双频信号中叠加的高频信号的幅值比对于 (a) 合成射流涡对运动轨迹, (b) 合成射流动量通量沿流向分布的影响 (Lu et al. 2022b)
图 22 (a) 相同特征速度下三角信号、正弦信号、梯形信号与方波信号波形, (b) 相同特征速度下三角信号、双频信号与变吹吸比信号波形示意图 (Lu et al. 2023)
图 23 (a) 不同波形激励信号产生合成射流相位平均涡量云图, (b) 典型激励信号产生合成射流动量通量沿流向分布, (c) 双频与变吹吸比激励信号产生合成射流动量通量沿流向分布 (Lu & Wang 2023)
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