Review of numerical simulation methods for hypersonic and high-enthalpy non-equilibrium flow
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摘要: 高性能计算流体力学 (computational fluid dynamic, CFD) 模拟可以与高超飞行试验、高焓地面设备实验研究相互印证, 在热化学非平衡效应研究以及未来高超声速飞行器研制中将发挥更重要的作用. 本文回顾了国内外在热化学非平衡流动CFD研究方面的进展, 概述了相关热化学模型、数值格式研究以及CFD软件研制方面的现状和发展趋势, 最后指出了今后在基础研究、软件开发、模拟应用等方面需要关注的问题. (1) 在热化学模型方面, 常用温度模型并不完全精确, 多振动温度模型具有发展潜力但工程应用受限, 态−态模型更精确但模拟技术尚不成熟, 更为精确的热力学输运模型、有限速率化学反应模型、振动−离解耦合模型以及表面效应模型等是提升热化学非平衡模拟精度的重要物理模型, 值得深入研究; (2) 在数值方法方面, 多物理场耦合模拟是高超热化学非平衡流动CFD研究的热点和趋势, 对CFD方法的鲁棒性和收敛性提出了更高的要求, 值得重点关注和研究, 此外常用数值格式需要针对热化学非平衡流动特征进行适应性改造, RANS方法在热化学非平衡湍流模拟中的计算可靠性仍有待验证; (3) 在数值软件方面, 基于结构/非结构混合网格的数值求解器更加符合工业应用需求, 未来高超数值软件需要具备稳定、鲁棒的多学科、多物理场耦合求解功能, 且能够适应更大网格规模大尺度复杂外形的模拟需求; (4) 可综合应用多种加速技术手段提升热化学非平衡流动数值模拟的计算效率, 计算刚性是热化学非平衡流动数值模拟方法研究的共性基础问题, 刚性消除方法仍需进一步研究和发展.
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关键词:
- 高超声速 /
- 热化学非平衡 /
- 高焓 /
- 计算流体力学(CFD) /
- 计算刚性
Abstract: High performance simulation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be mutually verified with hypersonic flight tests and high enthalpy ground equipment experiments, and will play a more important role in the research of thermochemical non-equilibrium effects and the development of future hypersonic vehicles. The paper reviews the research progress of CFD method of thermochemical non-equilibrium flow at home and abroad, summarizes the current situation and development trend of related thermochemical models, numerical schemes and development of CFD software, and finally points out the problems that should be paid attention to in basic research, software development, simulation application in the future. (1) In terms of thermochemical models, the commonly used temperature models are not completely accurate. The multi-vibrational temperature model has development potential, but is limited in engineering applications. The state-state models are more accurate but its simulation technology is not yet mature. More accurate thermodynamic transport models, finite-rate chemical reaction models, vibration-dissociation coupling models and surface effect models are important physical models to improve the accuracy of thermochemical nonequilibrium simulation, which are worthy of in-depth study. (2) In terms of numerical methods, multi-physical field coupling simulation is a hot issue and trend in the CFD research of hypersonic thermochemical nonequilibrium flows, which raises higher requirements for the robustness and convergence for CFD methods, and is worthy of special attention and research. In addition, the commonly used numerical schemes need to be remodeled based on the characteristics of thermochemical nonequilibrium flows, and the computational reliability of RANS method in thermochemical nonequilibrium turbulence simulation still needs to be verified and confirmed. (3) In terms of numerical software, the numerical solver based on structured/unstructured hybrid grid is more suitable for the requirements of industrial applications. The future hypersonic numerical software should have stable and robust solver for multidisciplinary multi-physical field coupling solution, and can satisfy the simulation requirements of larger grid scale and large-size complex shapes. (4) The computational efficiency of thermochemical nonequilibrium flow simulation can be improved by comprehensively employing a variety of acceleration techniques. The computational stiffness is a common fundamental problem in the research of thermochemical nonequilibrium numerical simulation method, and the stiffness elimination method still needs further study and develop. -
图 1 不同高度和速度条件下驻点区空气热化学状态以及典型化学反应对应的温度范围(Anderson 2006, Gupta et al. 1990)
图 4 不同化学反应模型对高焓双锥流动壁面参数的影响比较(Chaudhry et al. 2020)
图 5 热力学温度模型的数组拓展与简化示意图(李鹏 等 2021a)
图 7 不同时间推进格式对高超流动模拟的加速效果比较(唐志共, 张益荣 等 2015; 蒋浩 等 2022)
图 8 GPU与CPU加速器运算能力的进展(党冠麟 等 2020)
图 10 多级气体模型在热化学非平衡绕流中的模拟效果(李鹏 等 2021c)
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