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摘要: 温压炸药的爆炸涉及到起爆、爆轰、冲击波的传播与反射、多相湍流和多模化学反应等, 是一个多尺度、多物质、多因素、多物理场耦合过程, 深化温压炸药高效释能的关键基础理论, 揭示温压爆炸的反应机理并有效控制和利用是温压武器创新发展的关键科学问题, 对高威力温压炸药的配方设计、温压武器的研制和使用具有重要指导意义. 本文描述了温压爆炸的基本原理, 讨论了温压炸药的概念和内涵, 从炸药种类、释能特点、能量构成、爆炸反应机制、爆炸效应增强机理、杀伤机制等方面阐述了温压炸药的特征, 分析了温压炸药有限空间内部爆炸威力的评估方法以及温压炸药的研发状况, 并提出了相关发展建议, 以期为高威力温压炸药的设计、温压弹的研制及毁伤评估提供指导.Abstract: The detonation of thermobaric explosives involves ignition, detonation, propagation and reflection of shock wave, multi-phase turbulence, and multi-mode chemical reaction. It is a coupling process of multi-scale, multi-material, multi-factor, and multi-physical field. A deep understanding of the detonation mechanism of thermobaric explosion and effective control and utilization of the explosion are critical to the innovation and development of thermobaric weapons. It can guide the design, development and applications of high-power thermobaric explosives and weapons. Firstly, this paper describes the origin of thermobaric explosives and the basic principle of thermobaric explosion, and discusses the concept and connotation of thermobaric explosives. Secondly, the characteristics of thermobaric explosives from the aspects of explosive kinds, energy release characteristics, energy composition, blast reaction mechanism, blast effect enhancement mechanism and killing mechanism are elaborated. And then the evaluation method of explosion power of thermobaric explosives in confined space and the state of art of thermobaric explosives were summarized. Finally, we give some relevant suggestions that wcould provide guidance for the design of high power thermobaric explosive, the development of thermobaric bombs and damage assessment.
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图 2 温压炸药有限空间内部爆炸的三个阶段(Arnold & Rottenkolber 2007, 2008)
图 3 HE, TBX和EBX的爆炸波压力历程 (Trzciński et al. 2015)
图 4 爆轰过程的热力学路径 (P-V图) (1 atm = 101.325 kPa) (Arnold & Rottenkolber 2007)
图 5 燃烧过程的热力学路径 (P-V图) (Arnold & Rottenkolber 2007)
图 6 空中和有限空间内爆炸的压力−时间波形图. (a) 自由空气中(胡宏伟等2013), (b) 结构内部爆炸(Richard et al. 2006)
图 7 有限空间内反射冲击波对金属粒子和混合的影响(Michael et al. 2005)
图 8 开放空间的杀伤机制 (Wildegger-Gaissmaier 2003)
图 9 坑道内爆炸的杀伤机理示意图 (Wildegger-Gaissmaier 2003)
图 10 球型装药开放空间爆炸的冲击波扩展过程和压力-时间波形. (a) 冲击波扩展过程, (b) 冲击波压力-时间曲线 (Wildegger-Gaissmaier 2003)
图 11 球型装药密闭空间的冲击波扩展过程和波形. (a) 冲击波扩展过程, (b) 冲击波压力−时间曲线 (Wildegger-Gaissmaier 2003)
表 1 不同类型温压炸药/装药的反应特征及应用环境对比
类型 装药结构 作用过程 反应类型 反应尺度 应用环境 FAE 内外层结构, 内层高爆炸药,
外层液态或液固混合燃料抛洒、二次起爆、爆轰 爆轰 数百毫秒 开放环境 TBX 全固态装药
固液混合物爆轰、抛洒、引燃 爆轰、爆燃、燃烧 数微秒至秒 密闭环境 EBX 单一固体装药 爆轰、抛洒、引燃 爆轰、爆燃 数微秒至百毫秒 密闭环境 SFE 内外层结构, 内层高爆炸药,
外层固态粉末燃料爆轰、抛洒、引燃 爆燃、燃烧 数百毫秒 密闭环境 注: 表中FAE是为了对比温压炸药与燃料空气炸药的区别. 
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表 4 典型炸药在自由空气中和密闭空间内爆炸威力
炸药 自由场 (TNT当量) 准静态压力 (Tritonal 当量) 平均压力 平均冲量 2.0 kg 3.0 kg 3.5 kg TNT 1 1 Tritonal 1 1 1 DXD-09 1.05 1.69 1.04 1.05 DXD-10 1.27 1.68 0.84 1.02 DXD-18 0.93 1.36 1.07 1.16 1.11
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表 5 几种炸药的内爆炸试验结果
炸药 组分 ρ/(g·cm−3) Δpm/MPa I/(Pa·s) $x $max/m EAEI/(Pa·s) IH-135 HMX/Al/R45 1.33 0.414 896.4 0.356 1185.9 RAX-16 HMX/Al/GAP 1.62 0.276 868.8 0.312 1110.1 PBX-109 RDX/Al/R45 1.64 0.331 724.0 0.383 1227.3 YJ-15 proprietary 1.78 0.579 730.9 0.384 1227.3
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表 6 候选炸药配方
炸药 组分 ρ/(g·cm−3) PBXIH-135 HMX/Al/HTPB 1.68 PBXIH-135EB HMX/Al/PCP-TMETN 1.79 PBXIH-136 RDX/AP/Al/PCP-TMETN 2.03 PBXIH-18 HMX/Al/Hytemperature/DOA 1.92 PBXIH-18 mod.1 HMX/Al/Hytemperature/DOA 1.77 PBXIH-18 mod.2 HMX/Al/Hytemperature/DOA 1.84 HAS-4 HMX/Al/HTPB 1.65 HAS-4 EB HMX/Al/PCP-TMETN 1.73 Talley Mix 5672 Al/Zr/IPN/Ethyl Cellulose(32/40/26.75/1.25) 2.21
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