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摘要: 基于纳米流控行为设计的新一代能量吸收耗散系统（nanofluidic en-ergy absorption system，NEAS）将会比传统吸能材料具有更高的能量吸收密度，而且还可以重复使用，特别是在小体积应用环境下具有显著的优势.本文从实验和计算模拟两方面综述了目前关于NEAS能量吸收耗散行为的最新研究进展，其中实验研究主要包括准静态压缩和动态压缩测试，计算模拟研究主要是采用基于经验势的分子动力学模拟方法.通过准静态压缩实验，可以测量NEAS模型的载荷-位移关系曲线，从而获得NEAS模型的临界渗透压强，了解卸载后系统是否能够恢复到加载前的状态（即是否可以重复使用），并通过载荷-位移关系曲线下面积估算NEAS模型的吸能密度；通过动态压缩实验可以测量NEAS模型对脉冲载荷的缓冲保护作用，主要体现为降低脉冲载荷幅值和扩展脉冲宽度.计算模型研究可以明确给出NEAS对外载荷的微观响应，从而可以准确了解NEAS的能量吸收耗散机制以及吸能密度的主要影响因素.本研究可以帮助我们全面了解NEAS的研究进展，为NEAS的设计与优化提供重要指导.Abstract: The energy absorption system designed on the basis of nanofluidic behavior (also called nanofluidic energy absorption system, NEAS) will have a higher energy ab-sorption density than the conventional energy absorption materials, and can be repeatedly used. Thus it shows great advantages over the conventional energy absorption materials, especially for applications with a limited volume. In this paper, we reviewed the state-of-the-art of the energy absorption behavior of NEAS from both experimental investigations and numerical studies:the experimental work mainly includes quasi-static compression and dynamic compression tests; the computational simulations are mainly based on molecular dynamics simulations developed from the empirical potentials. Using quasi-static compres-sion, we can measure the load-displacement relationship of NEAS, determine the critical infiltration pressure, understand the loading-unloading-reloading behavior of NEAS (closely related to the repeated energy absorption performance of NEAS), and estimate the energy absorption density from the area below the load-displacement curve. By use of the dynamic compression tests, the NEAS performance of the protection against the impact load can be measured, which can be represented by decreasing the impact pulse magnitude and expand-ing the pulse width. The computational studies can clearly show the micro-level response of NEAS to the external load, based on which we can fully understand the energy absorption mechanism and the main controlling parameters of energy absorption density. The present study can help researchers understand the latest research progress of NEAS, and provide an important guideline for the design and optimization of NEAS.
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图 1 NEAS设计示意图. (a) NEAS模型总体结构, (b)初始状态下NEAS模型中的纳米通道, (c)加载状态下NEAS模型中的纳米通道(纳米通道半径R, 长度为l)
图 2 (a) NEAS准静态压缩实验图, (b)封装在PMMA中的NEAS模型, (c) NEAS中的纳米多孔颗粒(硅胶(silica gel) MCM-41)的SEM照片
图 3 NEAS模型准静态压缩下的加卸载响应. (a)沸石系统+水构成的悬浊液(最早的NEAS模型) (Eroshenko et al. 2001), (b) NEAS模型(纳米多孔硅胶颗粒MTS+水溶液) (Lefevre et al. 2004), (c) NEAS模型(纳米多孔硅胶颗粒Fluke-C8+水溶液)的两次加卸载循环(Qiao et al. 2007), (d) NEAS模型(纳米多孔硅胶颗粒Fluke-C8+水溶液)在加载后加压保持12 h, 然后卸载, 再进行第2次加卸载循环(Qiao et al. 2007)
图 4 (a)注入NEAS (纳米多孔硅胶颗粒+水溶液)的不锈钢管准静态压缩实验图, (b)注入NEAS (纳米多孔硅胶颗粒+水溶液)的不锈钢管(黑色粗实线)的准静态加载响应(Chen et al. 2006), 注入纯水的不锈钢管(红色细实线)和纯不锈钢管(虚线)的准静态加载响应
图 5 NEAS模型(水+沸石(Zeolite β))和传统吸能材料泡沫铝的吸能密度比较(Sun et al. 2015)
图 6 (a) NEAS模型(水+沸石(Zeolite β))的吸能缓冲作用, (b) NEAS模型(水+沸石(Zeolite β))动态响应和准静态响应比较(Sun et al. 2015)
图 7 NEAS的MD计算模型. (a)无底部纳米通道模型(Cao 2012), (b)有底部纳米通道模型(Liu & Cao 2013b), (c)锥形纳米通道模型(Liu et al. 2009c), (d)变截面纳米通道模型(Hu et al. 2016), (e)冲击质量块作用模型(Xu et al. 2014), (f)落锤直接作用水池模型(Liu & Cao 2016b)
图 8 MD模拟中落锤冲击加载模式产生的压强脉冲波(Liu & Cao 2016b)
图 9 纳米尺度下Young{Laplace方程有效性检验结果(Liu & Cao 2016b). (a)水池压强与孔上液面曲率半径关系, (b)纳米尺度下温度和电解质(NaCl)对水的表面曲率半径和液体压强之间的关系的影响
图 10 NEAS模型对冲击载荷加载阶段微观结构响应. (a)初始状态t=0, (b)吸能过程结束, 反射波波前抵达管口, (c)渗透入CNT水分子的径向分布, 靠近CNT管壁定义为界面水分子, 远离管壁的定义为内部水分子
图 11 NEAS模型纳米通道界面能密度随渗透水分子数的变化(Liu & Cao 2013b). (a) R=0:67 nm, (b) R=1:0 nm, (c) R=1:33 nm
图 12 NEAS模型纳米通道界面能密度随管径的变化(Liu & Cao 2013b)
图 13 NEAS模型在落锤冲击作用下的完整加卸载响应(R=1:0 nm). (a) CNT内的渗入水分子数随时间的变化, (b)界面能随时间的变化(Liu & Cao 2016b)
图 14 落锤冲击速度、质量和冲击能对NEAS模型冲击响应的影响. (a)在落锤冲击作用下纳米通道充满时的渗透水分子数, (b)所形成的界面能(Liu & Cao 2016b)
图 15 具有粗糙管壁的NEAS模型对落锤冲击的响应(A/R0=0:1, 80 m/s). (a)在落锤冲击作用下粗糙管壁纳米通道内渗透水分子数随时间的变化, (b)所形成的界面能随时间的变化(Liu & Cao 2016b)
图 16 NEAS吸能密度随管径的变化. (a)根据单根CNT体积估算, (b)根据整体NEAS模型的体积(CNT阵列+水)估算(图中数据点上的误差范围对应于CNT阵列所占NEAS的体积分数(0.33~0.50) (Liu & Cao 2013b)
图 17 NEAS的吸能密度随甘油溶液浓度的变化, 图中数据点上误差范围反映的是冲击速度对吸能密度的影响(v=100~1 000 m/s), 吸能密度随冲击速度的增加而增大(Liu & Cao 2014)
表 1 不同吸能耗散系统的吸能密度
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