风能工程中流体力学问题的研究现状与进展

黎作武; 贺德馨

doi:10.6052/1000-0992-13-063

风能工程中流体力学问题的研究现状与进展

doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-13-063

黎作武^1, ,,
贺德馨²

1.
中国空气动力研究与发展中心, 四川绵阳 621000
2. 中国风能协会, 北京 100013

基金项目: 科技部863计划(2012AA051304)项目资助.

详细信息

作者简介:
黎作武,1967年出生,1988年毕业于国防科技大学应用力学系,1995年中国空气动力研究与发展中心研究生部博士,现任中国空气动力研究与发展中心计算空气动力研究所研究员,"十二五"科技部863主题项目"先进风力机翼型族设计与应用技术"负责人.主要从事计算流体力学数值方法研究.

通讯作者:
黎作武

中图分类号: O355;TK89
计量
- 文章访问数: 3050
- HTML全文浏览量: 370
- PDF下载量: 1679
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2013-09-03
- 修回日期: 2013-09-15
- 刊出日期: 2013-09-25

Reviews of fluid dynamics researches in wind energy engineering

LI Zuowu^{1
, ,},
HE Dexin²

1.
China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Sichuan, Mianyang 621000, China
2. Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA), Beijing 100013, China

Funds: The project was supported by the 863 program (2012AA051304).

More Information

Corresponding author: LI Zuowu

摘要

摘要: 中国风电行业发展十分迅速, 总装机容量和新增装机容量已达到世界第一, 主力机型将从兆瓦级发展到多兆瓦级(> 5 MW), 风资源已从陆地扩展到海上, 这些变化将带来一系列新的问题. 本文将就目前风力发电行业中的流体力学问题进行综述和探讨, 总结其研究现状及取得的进展. 主要包括大气边界层风特性、局部复杂地形影响及微观选址、风力机尾流干扰、风力机专用翼型族、风力机性能计算、气动弹性、海上风力发电的基础及水力作用等问题. 此外, 还针对目前发展迅速的计算流体力学问题进行了讨论. 最后指出中国风电技术的不足及措施.
- 大气边界层 /
- 微观选址 /
- 尾流干扰 /
- 风力机翼型族 /
- 气动弹性 /
- 海上风电 /
- 计算流体力学
Abstract: Great progress has been achieved in the Chinese wind energy industry. By the end of 2012, according to statistics of CWEA, 75 GW capacity of wind power has been generated in China that pushes the country to the top place in the global wind power market. Nowadays, the technology trend focuses on the offshore wind power and the larger multi-megawatt wind turbine. It brings about several engineering challenges and new scientific problems. In this review, we focus on the advances in fluid dynamics researches related to wind energy engineering, such as the wind properties in atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), micrositing at complex terrain, wake flow behind wind turbine, airfoil design for large blade, aerodynamics for wind turbine, aero-elastic interaction, and offshore wind power technology. We also discuss the limitations of the widely-applicated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. Finally, we point out the weakness of Chinese fundamental researches on winder energy engineering, and provide some suggestions.
- ABL /
- micrositing /
- wake interaction /
- airfoil design /
- aero-elastic interaction /
- offshore wind power /
- CFD

HTML全文

参考文献(177)

[1]	Abbott I H, von Doenhoff A E. 1958. Theory of Wing Sections, Dover: Dover Publications Inc.
[2]	Amir G, Michael A, Jason M, Wesley B. 2013. Numerical stability and accuracy of temporally coupled multi-physics modules in wind turbine cae tools, AIAA 2013-0203.
[3]	Ammara I, Leclerc C, Masson C. 2002. A viscous three dimensional differential/actuator disc method for aerodynamic analysis of wind farms. J Solar Energy—Trans ASM, 124: 345-56.
[4]	Anderson C G, Heerkes H, Yenm R. 1998. Prevention of edgewise vibration on large stall regulated blades, in: Proceedings of the 20th British Wind Energy Association. 95-102.
[5]	Andrew R H, Michiel B Z, Tim R Camp 2003. Hydrodynamic loading on offshore wind turbines, OWEMES Conference, Naples: 1-15.
[6]	Azapagic A, Perdan S. 2000. Indicators of sustainable development for industry: A general framework, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 78: 243-261.
[7]	Baker J P, Mayda E A, van Dam C P. 2006. Experimental and computational analysis of thick flatback wind turbine airfoils. AIAA, 2006-193.
[8]	Baldwin B S, Lomax H. 1978. Thin layer approximation and algebraic model for separated turbulent flows. AIAA Paper, 78-257.
[9]	Baldwin B S, Barth T J. 1990. A one-equation turbulence transport model for high reynolds number wall-bounded flows, NASATM 102847.
[10]	Banks W H, Gadd G E. 1954. Delaying effect of rotation on laminar separation. AIAA Journal, 1: 941-942.
[11]	Barthelmie R J, Larsen G C, Pryor S, Ejsing Jøgensen H, Bergström H, Wolfgang S, Rados K, Lange B, Vølund P, Neckelmann. 2004. ENDOW (efficient development of offshore wind farms): Modeling wake and boundary layer interactions. Wind Energy, 7: 225-245.
[12]	Barthelmie R J, Larsen G C, Pryor S, Ejsing Jøgensen H, Bergström H, Magnusson M, Schlez W, Rados K, Lange B, Vølund P. 2003. Efficient development of offshore windfarms (ENDOW): Final Report to the European Commission.
[13]	Benjanirat S, Sankar L, Xu G. 2003, Evaluation of turbulence models for the prediction of wind turbine aerodynamics. AIAA Paper, 571.
[14]	Benjanirat S, Sankar L. 2004. Recent improvements to a combined Navier-Stokes full potential methodology for modeling horizontal axis wind turbines. AIAA Paper, 2004-830.
[15]	Bjorck A. 1995. Dynamic Stall and Three-dimensional Effects: Final Report for the EC DGXII Joule II Project JOU2-CT93-0345. Bromma: Flygteksnika örsöksanstalten.
[16]	Brian C, Jamie M, William Y, Zhuang L Q, Ramesh T. 2013. Sustainability assessment of a wind turbine blade: An engineering framework. AIAA, 2013-1556.
[17]	Browning J R, Jonkman J, Robertson A, Goupee A J. 2012. Calibration and validation of a spar-type floating offshore wind turbine model using the FAST dynamic simulation tool. in: Proceedings of the Science of Making Torque from Wind Oldenburg, Germany, October 9-11.
[18]	Burton T, Sharpe D, Jenkins N, Bossanyi E. 2003. Wind Energy Handbook, Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
[19]	Chaviaropoulos P K, Nikolaou I G, Aggelis K A, Sorensen N N, Montgomerie B, von Geyr H. 2001, Viscous and aeroelastic effects on wind turbine blades: The Viscel Project.Wind Energy, 6: 365-403.
[20]	Chaviaropoulos P K. 1996. Development of a state-of-the-art aeroelastic simulator for horizontal axis wind turbines, Part 1: structural aspects. Wind Energy, 20: 405-22.
[21]	Chou J-S, Chiu C-K, Huang I-K, Chi K-N. 2013. Failure analysis of wind turbine blade under critical wind loads. Engineering Failure Analysis, 27: 99-118.
[22]	Christopher J F. 2001. An improved prescribed wake analysis for wind turbine rotors. [Ph.D. Thesis], Illinois: University of Illinois.
[23]	Cochran L, Derickson R. 2011. A physical modeler's view of computational wind engineering. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 99: 139-153.
[24]	Corrigan J J, Schillings J J. 1994. Empirical model for stall delay due to rotation. in: Proceedings of American Helicopters Society Aeromechanics Specialists. San Francisco% 陈坤, 贺德馨. 2003. 风力机尾流数学模型及尾流对风力机性能的影响研究. 流体力学实验与测量, 17: 84-87 (Chen K, He D X. 2003. The study for the wake model of wind turbine and the wake effects on the performance of wind turbine. Experiments and Measurements in Fluid Mechanics, 17: 84-87 (in Chinese)
[25]	陈坤. 1999. 风力机尾流模型及其对下游风力机性能的影响. [硕士论文], 四川绵阳: 中国空气动力研究与发展中心研究生部. (Chen K. 1999. The study of wind turbine wake model and its influence on of wind turbine and the wake effects on the performance of downstream wind turbine: [Master Thesis]. MianYang: China Aerodynamics Research & Development Center (in Chinese)
[26]	陈小波, 李静, 陈健云. 2001. 海上风电机组随机风浪荷载时程数值计算. 太阳能学报, 32: 288-295 (Chen X B, Li J, Chen J Y. 2001. Numerical calculation of random wind and wave Loads time history of offshore wind turbine. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 32: 288-295. (in Chinese)
[27]	陈严, 蔡安民, 叶枝全, 刘雄. 2008. 近海风力机在极限波浪作用下的初步计算分析. 太阳能学报, 29：180-187 (Chen Y, Cai A, Ye Z Q, Liu X. 2008. Primary calculation and analysis of the offshore wind turbine under the action of extreme wave. Acta Energlae Solaris Sinica, 29: 180-187 (in Chinese)
[28]	蔡旭晖, 陈家宜. 2003. 从不稳定到近中性大气边界层的大涡模拟. 北京大学学报 (自然科学版), 39：439-447. (Cai X H, Chen J Y. 2003. Largeeddy simulations of atmospheric boundary layers from convective to near-neutral conditions. Acta Scicentiarum Naturalum Universitis Pekinesis, 39: 439-447 (in Chinese)
[29]	崔桂香, 张兆顺, 许春晓, 黄伟希. 2013. 城市大气环境的大涡模拟研究进展.力学进展, 43: 295-328 (Cui G X, Zhang Z S, Xu C X, Huang W X. 2013. Research advances in large eddy simulation of urban atmospheric environment. Advances in Mechanics, 43: 295-328 (in Chinese)
[30]	David A S. 1994. Wind Turbine Technology, New York: ASME Press.
[31]	Davenport A G. 1961. The spectrum of horizontal gustiness near ground in high winds. J. Royal Meteorol. Soci, 87: 194-211.
[32]	Derickson R D, McDiamid M, Cochran B C, Peterka J A. 2004. Resolving difficult issues of wind power micrositing in complex terrain, in: Proceedings of AWEA Global Windpower, Chicago, USA.
[33]	Doosttalab M, Frommann O. 2010. Effects of the design parameters on the multidisciplinary optimization of flatback airfoils for large wind turbine blades. AIAA, 2010-9096.
[34]	DS472, 1992. Code of practice for loads and safety of wind turbine constructions, DS472, the Danish Society of Engineers and Federation of Engineers.
[35]	Duque E P N, van Dam C P, Hughes S C. 1999. Navier-Stokes simulations of the NREL combined experiment Phase II rotor. AIAA, 1999-0037.
[36]	Du Z H, Selig M S. 1998. A 3-D stall-delay model for horizontal axis wind turbine performance prediction, AIAA Paper, 1998-0021.
[37]	邓小兵. 2008. 不可压缩湍流大涡模拟研究. [博士论文], 四川绵阳：中国空气动力研究与发展中心. (Deng X B. 2008. Large eddy simulation of incompressible turbulent flow. [Ph.D.Thesis]. Sichuan, Mianyang: China Aerodynamics Research & Development Center (in Chinese)
[38]	邓小刚, 宗文刚, 张来平, 高树椿, 李超. 2007. 计算流体力学中的验证与确认. 力学进展, 37: 279-288 (Deng X G, Zong W G, Zhang L P, Gao S C, Li C. 2007. Verification and validatition in computational fluid dynamics. Advances in Mechanics, 37: 279-288 (in Chinese)
[39]	杜朝辉. 1999. 水平轴风力机涡轮设计与性能预估方法的三维失速延迟模型——I. 理论基础. 太阳能学报, 20: 392-397 (Du C H. 1999a. A 3-D stall-delay model for HWAT performance prediction: I. theoretical analysis, Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 20: 392-397 (in Chinese)
[40]	杜朝辉. 2000. 水平轴风力机涡轮设计与性能预估方法的三维失速延迟模型, —II. 模型建立及应用. 太阳能学报, 21：1-6 (Du C H. 2000. A 3-D stall-delay model for HWAT performance prediction: II. Model and its application. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 21: 1-6 (in Chinese)
[41]	Ekaterinaris J A. 1997, Numerical simulation of incompressible two-bladed rotor flowfield, in: Proceedings of 16th ASME Wind Energy Symposium and the 35th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, N V.
[42]	Ekaterinaris J A, Platzer M F. 1997, Computational prediction of airfoil dynamic stall. Prog. Aerospace Sci, 33: 759-846.
[43]	Eggleston D M, Stoddard F S. 1987. Wind Turbine Engineering Design. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Inc.
[44]	Eppler R. 1990. Airfoil Design and Data. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
[45]	Erick H. 2000. Wind Turbines-Fundamentals, Technologies, Application and Economics. New York: Springer.
[46]	ESDU 1985. Characteristics of atmospheric turbulence near ground. Part II: Single point data for strong winds (neutral atmosphere), ESDU 85020 (amended 1993), Engineering Sciences Data Unit, London.
[47]	European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), Wind in our Sails: The coming of Europe's offshore wind energy industry, online report, URL: http://www.ewea. org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/reports/Offshore_report_web_01.pdf, 2011.
[48]	Fernando P A, Wu Y T, Lu H, Robert J C. 2011. Large-eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flow through wind turbines and wind farms. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 99: 154-168.
[49]	Fingersh L J, Simms D, Hand M, Jager D, Cotrell J, Robinson M, Schreck S, Larwood S. 2001. Wind tunnel testing of NREL's unsteady aerodynamics experiment. AIAA, 2001-0035.
[50]	Frost W, Lonf B H, Turner R E. 1978. Engineering handbook on the atmospheric environmental guidelines for use in wind turbine generator development. (No. NASA-TP-1359) Tennessee Univ., Tullahoma (USA).
[51]	Fuglsang P, Bak C. 2001, Design and verification of the Ris?A1 airfoil family for wind turbines. AIAA Paper, 2001-0028.
[52]	Fuglsang P, Bak C, Gaunaa M, Antoniou I. 2004, Design and verification of the Risø-B1 airfoil family for wind turbine. AIAA Paper, 2004-0668.
[53]	冯元桢. 1963. 空气弹性力学引论. 冯钟越, 管德译, 北京：国防工业出版社.
[54]	Gasch V R, Twele J. 2002. Wind Power Plants. Heidelberg, Springer.
[55]	Germanischer G L, Lioyd 1993, Rules and regulations IV-Non-marine technology, Part 1-Wind energy, (Supplemented 1994, 1998
[56]	Solarpraxis A, G. Glauert H. 1963, Airplane propellers. in: Durand WF, editor. Aerodynamic Theory. New York: Dover Publications.
[57]	Gould J, Fiddes S P. 1992. Computational methods for the performance of HAWTS. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 39: 61-72.
[58]	Gonz\'{alez-Longatt F, Wall P, Terzija V. 2012. Wake effect in wind farm performance: Steady-state and dynamic behavior. Renewable Energy, 39: 329-338.
[59]	Griffin D A. 2001. Wind PACT Turbine rotor design scaling studies technical area 1 composite blades for 80-120 meter rotor, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/SR -500-29950.
[60]	Gupta S. 2006. Development of a time-accurate Lagrangian vortex wake model for wind turbine applications. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 332-332.
[61]	Haans W, Sant T, van Kui G, van Bussel G. 2005. Measurement and modeling of tip vortex paths in the wake of a HAWT under yawed flow conditions. AIAA, 2005-0590.
[62]	Haase W, Chaput E. Elsholz E, Leschziner M A, Muller Udo R. 2001, ECARP-European Computational Aerodynamics Research Project: Validation of CFD Codes and Assessment of Turbulence Models (Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics). Wiesbaden, Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.
[63]	Hand M M, Simms D A, Fingersh L J, Jager D W, Cotrell J R, Sohreck S, Larwood S M. 2001. Unsteady aerodynamics experiment phase VI: Wind tunnel test configurations and available data campaigns, NREL/TP-500-29955.
[64]	Hansen M O L, Sørenson N N, Sørenson J N, Michelsen J A. 1997. A global Navier-Stokes rotor prediction model. AIAA Paper, 1997-0970.
[65]	Hansen K S, Barthelmie R, Cabezon D, Politis E. 2008. Wake measurements used in the model evaluation. UPWIND.
[66]	Harris R I. 1971. The nature of wind. in: Proceeding of modern design of wind sensitive structures. Construction Industry Research and Information Association. London, UK.
[67]	Harris R I. 1990. Some further thoughts on the spectrum of gustiness in strong winds. J. of Wind Eng. and Aero. Dyn, 33: 461-477.
[68]	Hassan U. 1992. A wind-tunnel investigation of the wake structure within small wind turbine farms, E/5A/CON/5113/1890, UK Department of Energy, ETSU.
[69]	Hansen A C, Butterfield C P. 1993. Aerodynamics of horizontal-axis wind turbines. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 25: 115-149.
[70]	He D X, Thor S-E. 1993. The execution of wind energy projects 1986-1992 between China Aerodynamics Research and Development Centre (CARDC) and The Aeronautical Research Institute of Sweden (FFA). NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N, 94, 30945.
[71]	Himmelskamp H. 1947. Profile investigation on a rotating aircrew, Map Volkenrode, Reports and Translation.
[72]	Högström U, Asimakopoulos D N, Kambezidis H, Helmis C G, Smedman A. 1988. A field study of the wake behind a 2 MW wind turbine. Atmos. Environ, 22: 803-820.
[73]	Hodges D H, Dowell E H. 1975. Nonlinear equations of motion for elastic bending and torsion of twisted non-uniform blades: NASA TN D-7818 (1974).
[74]	Hodges D H. 1990. Review of composite rotor blade modeling. AIAA. 28: 561-565.
[75]	贺德馨. 2004. 2020年中国的科学和技术发展研究, 科技和产业, 1.
[76]	贺德馨. 2001. 钱学森与中国风能. 见: 钱学森科学贡献暨学术思想研讨会论文集.
[77]	贺德馨等. 2006. 风工程与工业空气动力学. 北京: 国防工业出版社. (He D X, et al. 2006. Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. Beijing：National Defense Industry Press (in Chinese)
[78]	何玉斐, 张宏升, 刘明星, 康凌. 2009. 戈壁下垫面空气动力学参数确定的再研究. 北京大学学报 (自然科学版), 45: 439-443 (He Y F, Zhang H S, Liu M X, Kang L. 2009. A study on determining aerodynamic parameters over Gobi desert surface. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 45: 439-443 (in Chinese)
[79]	何晓风, 周荣卫, 朱蓉. 2010. MM5与CFD软件相结合对复杂地形风资源模拟初探—以鄱阳湖地区为例. 资源科学, 32: 650-655 (He X F, Zhou R W, Zhu R. 2010. A study on wind resources in complex terrain simulated by the combination of MM5 and CFD software. Resources Science, 32: 650-655 (in Chinese)
[80]	胡非, 洪钟祥, 雷孝恩. 2003. 大气边界层和大气环境研究进展. 大气科学, 27: 712-728 (Hu F, Hong Z X, Lei X E. 2003. Recent progress of atmospheric boundary layer physics and atmospheric environment research in IAP. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 27: 712-728 (in Chinese)
[81]	IEC 61400-3. 2009, Wind Turbines Part 3: Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines, Geneva, International Electrotechnical Commission.
[82]	IEAWind 2012, 2012 Annual Report, ISBN 0-9786383-7-9.
[83]	Johansen J, Sorensen N N, Reck M, Hansen M O L, Stuermer A, Ramboer J, Hirsch C, Ekaterinaris J, Voutsinas S, Perivolaris Y. 2005. KNOW-BLADE Task-3.3 Report: Rotor Blade Computations with 3D Vortex Generators. Roskilde, Denmark: Forskningscenter Risoe. Risoe-R.
[84]	Jones D C. 1995. A dynamic analysis of wind turbine blades using panel methods and finite element structural analysis. [Master Thesis] Logan: Utah State University.
[85]	James J R, Edward W G, Max D C, John C S. 1980. A review of wind turbine wake effects, DOE/ET/23160-80/1.
[86]	Jones W P, Launder B L. 1973. The prediction of laminarization with a two-equation model for turbulence. International Journal of Mass and Heat Transfer, 16: 1119-1130.
[87]	Jonkman J M. 2007. Dynamics modeling and loads analysis of an offshore floating wind turbine. [Ph. D. Thesis] Denver: University of Colorado.
[88]	Jonkman J, Butterfield S, Passon P, Larson T, Camp T, Nichols J, Azcona J, Martinez A. 2008, Offshore code comparison collaboration within IEA wind annex XXIII: Phase II results regarding monopile foundation modeling. Conference Paper NREL/CP-500-42471, 2008: 8-10.
[89]	Jonkman J, Musial W. 2010a. Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration (OC3) for IEA Task 23 Offshore Wind Technology and Deployment. NREL/TP-5000-48191.
[90]	Jonkman J, Larsen T, Hansen A, Nygaard T, Maus K, Karimirad M, Gao Z, Moan T, Fylling I, Nichols J. et al. 2010b, Offshore code comparison collaboration within iea wind task 23: Phase IV results regarding floating wind turbine modeling. NREL/CP-500-47534.
[91]	Jonkman J, Robertson A, Popko W, Vorpahl F, Zuga A, Kohlmeier M, Larsen T J, Yde A, Saetertro K, et al. 2012, Offshore code comparison collaboration continuation (OC4), Phase I Results of coupled simulations of an offshore wind turbine with jacket support structure. NREL/ CP -5000-54124.
[92]	Kaimal J C. 1972. Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc., 98: 563-589.
[93]	Kang S, Hirsch C. 2001. Features of the 3D viscous flow around wind turbine blades based on numerical solutions. in: Proceedings of European Wind Energy Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark.
[94]	Kasmi A E, Masson C. 2008. An extended $k$-$\varepsilon$ model for turbulent flow through horizontal-axis wind turbines. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aero. Dyn, 96: 103-122.
[95]	Katic I, Højstrup J, Jensen N O. 1986. A simple model for cluster efficiency. in: Proceedings of European Wind Energy. Italy, Rome, 1: 407-410.
[96]	Krishna V S. 2011. Hydrodynamic analysis of tension leg platform for offshore floating wind turbine. [Master Thesis], Texas: Texas A&M University.
[97]	Lantz E, Wiser R, Hand M. 2012. The past and future cost of wind energy, Technical Report, NREL/TP-6A20-53510.
[98]	Leishman J G, Beddoes T S. 1989. A semi-empirical model for dynamic stall, Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 34: 3-17.
[99]	黎作武, 陈江, 陈宝, 陈大斌. 2012. 风力机组叶片的先进翼型族设计. 空气动力学学报, 30: 130-136 (Li Z W, Chen J, Chen B, Chen D B. 2012. Design of advanced airfoil families for wind turbines. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 30: 130-136 (in Chinese)
[100]	刘辉志, 冯建武, 王雷, 洪钟祥. 2013. 大气边界层物理研究进展. 大气科学, 37：467-476 (Liu Z H, Feng J W, Wang L, Hong Z X. 2013. Overview of recent studies on atmospheric boundary layer physics. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 37：467-476 (in Chinese)
[101]	雷杨娜, 孙娴, 姜创业. 2013. 测风塔选址对复杂风电场风资源评估的影响. 水电能源科学, 31: 236-242 (Lei Y N, Sun X, Jiang C Y. Influence of wind tower selection on wind resource assessment in complex terrain wind farm. Water Resource and Power, 31: 236-242 (in Chinese)
[102]	梁湿. 2013. 动态失速模型的修正方法研究, 2013力学大会, 陕西西安, 8月19-20日.
[103]	吕超, 王同光, 许波峰. 2011. 三维动态失速模型研究及其在风力机气动特性计算中的应用. 南京航空航天大学学报, 43: 707-712 (Lu C, Wang T G, Xu B F. Application of 3-D dynamic stall model in wild turbine aerodynamic performance prediction. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 43: 707-712 (in Chinese)
[104]	Masson C. 2001. Viscous differential/actuator disc method and its applications. in: Proceedings of the 15th IEA Symposium on Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, 2001: 65-80.
[105]	Menter F R. 1993. Zonal two equation k-w model for aerodynamic flows. AIAA Paper, 1993-2906.
[106]	Miller A, Chang B, Issa R, Chen G. 2013. Review of computer-aided numerical simulation in wind energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25: 122-134.
[107]	Moin P, Lunley J L, Berkooz G. 1996. Turbulence, Coherent Structures, Dynamical Systems and Symmetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[108]	Molly J P. 1990. Wind Energy-theory, Application, Measuring, second edition.
[109]	Mughal B, Drela M. 1993. A calculation method for the three dimensional boundary-layer equations in integral form. AIAA Paper, 1993-0786.
[110]	马惠群, 曲宁, 李超, 王守峰. 2012, 风电场风切变指数研究. 电网与清洁能源, 28: 88-90 (Ma H Q, Qu N, Li C, Wang S F. 2012, Study on wind shear exponents of wind farms. Power System and Clean Energy, 28: 88-90 (in Chinese)
[111]	Nichols J, Camp T, Jonkman J, Butterfield S, Passon P, Larsen T, Azcona J, Martinez A. 2009. Offshore code comparison collaboration within IEA wind annex XXIII: Phase III results regarding tripod surpport structurte modeling. Conference Paper NREL/CP-500-44810, 2009: 6-12% Nim E. 2001. Coupling and Reduction of the HAWC Equations, RISOE report, RISOE-R-1294 (EN),
[112]	Oye S. 1996. FLEX4 simulation of wind turbine dynamics. in: Proceedings of 28th IEA Meeting of Experts Concerning, State of the Art of Aeroelastic Codes for Wind Turbine Calculations (Available through IEA).
[113]	Panofsky H A. 1974. The atmospheric boundary layer below 150 meters. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 6: 147-177.
[114]	Papadakis M, Lall V, Hoffmann K A, Greathouse J S. 1996, Post-stall computations of wind turbine configurations with oneand two-equation turbulence models. AIAA Paper, 1996-0407.
[115]	Pasquill F. 1974. Atmosheric Diffusion. Ellis Horwood Publisher.
[116]	Per-ÅgeKrogstad, PålEgilEriksen. 2013. "Blindtest" calculations of the performance and wake development for a model wind turbine. Renewable Energy, 50: 325-333.
[117]	Petersen E L. 1998. Wind power meterorology. Part I: Climate and turbulence, Wind Energy, 1: 2-22.
[118]	Pitt D M, Peters D A. Theoretical prediction of dynamics inflow derivatives, Vertica, 5: 21-34.
[119]	Prospathopoulo J M, Politis E S, Chaviaropoulos P K, Application of a 3D RANS solver on the complex hill of Bolund and assessment of the wind flow predictions, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aero dyn., 107-108,149-159% 彭怀午, 冯长青, 包紫光. 2010. 风资源评价中风切变指数的研究. 可再生能源, 28: 21-28 (Peng H W, Feng C Q, Bao Z G. 2010. Study on the wind shear exponent for wind resource assessment. Renewable Energy Resources, 28: 21-28 (in Chinese)
[120]	Quarton D C, Ainslie J F. 1989. Turbulence in wind turbine wakes, Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference, BWEA/EWEA, Peter Peregrinus, Bristol, UK.
[121]	乔志德, 宋文萍, 高永卫. 2012. NPU-WA系列风力机翼型设计与风洞实验. 空气动力学学报, 30: 260-265 (Qiao Z D, Song W P, Gao Y W. 2012. Design and experiment of the NPU-WA airfoil family for wind turbines. Acta Aerodynamics Sinica, 30: 260-265 (in Chinese)
[122]	Rados K, Larsen G, Barthelmie R, Schles W, Lange B, Schepers G, Hegberg T, Magnusson M. 2001. Comparison of wake models with data for offshore windfarms, Wind Engineering, 25: 271-280.
[123]	Riziotis V A, Voutsinas S G. 1997. Dynamic stall on wind turbine rotors: Comparative evaluation study of different models. in: Proceedings of the EWEC'97, Dublin, Ireland.
[124]	Riziotis V A, Voutsinas S G. 2006. Advanced aeroelastic modeling of complete wind turbine configurations in view of assessing stability characteristics. in: Proceedings of the EWEC'06, Athens, Greece.
[125]	Ross J N, Ainslie J F. 1981. Wake measurements inclusters of model wind turbines using laser doppler anemometry. in: Proceedings of the 3rd BWEA Wind Energy Conference, Cranfield, U K.
[126]	Ronsten G. 1991. Static pressure measurement on a rotating and non-rotating 2.375 m wind turbine blade, comparison with 2D calculation. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 39: 105-118.
[127]	Schepers G, Barthelmie R, Rados K, Lange B, Schles W. 2001a. Large offshore wind farms: linking wake models with atmospheric boundary layer models. Wind Engineering, 25: 307-316.
[128]	Schepers G, Barthelmie R, Rados K, Lange B, Schles W. 2001b. Large off-shore windfarms: Linking wake models with atmospheric boundary layer models. Wind Engineering, 25: 307-316.
[129]	Schles W, Umana A, Barthelmie R, Larsen G, Rados K, Lange B, Schepers G, Hegberg T. 2001. ENDOW: Improvement of wake models within offshore wind farms. Wind Engineering, 25: 281-287.
[130]	Scott B W. 2012. Turbulent transport in the atmospheric boundary layer with application to wind farm dynamics. [Ph D Thesis]. Colorado: University of Colorado.
[131]	Simiu E, Scanlan R H. 1985. Wind Effects on Structures: An Introduction to Wind energy. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
[132]	Simms D, Schreck S, Hand M, Finghers L J. 2001. NREL Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment in the NASA-Ames Wind Tunnel: A Comparison of Predictions to Measurements, Golden, The National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
[133]	Smith D, Taylor G J. 1991. Further analysis of turbine wake development and interaction. in: Proceedings of the 13th BWEA Wind Energy Conference, Swansea, UK.
[134]	Snel H, Schepers J G. 1992. Engineering models for dynamics inflow phenomena. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 39: 267-281.
[135]	Snel H, Houwink R, Bosschers J. 1994. Sectional Prediction of Lift Coefficients on Rotating Wind Turbine Blades in Stall, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation.
[136]	Somers D M. 1987. Design and Experimental Results for the S809 airfoil, Airfoil, Inc., State College, Pennsylvania.
[137]	Somers D M. 1999. Design and experimental results for the S814 airfoil. NREL/SR 440-6918. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
[138]	Somers D M, Tangler J L. 2000. Wind-tunnel tests of two airfoils for wind turbines operating at high Reynolds numbers. AIAA Paper, 2000-0043.
[139]	Sorensen J N. 1997. VISCWIND: Viscous effects on wind turbine blades: Mid-term report, Technical University of Denmark.
[140]	Sorensen J N, Shen W Z, Munduate X. 1998. Analysis of wake states by a full-field actuator disc model. Wind Energy, 1: 73-88.
[141]	Sorensen J N, Myken A. 1992. Unsteady actuator disc model for horizontal axis wind turbines. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 39: 139-49.
[142]	Sorensen N N, Johansen J, Conway S. 2004. CFD computations of wind turbine blade loads during standstill operation KNOW-BLADE, Task 3.1 report. Roskilde, Denmark, Risø National Laboratory.
[143]	Sorenson N N, Michelsen J A. 2000. Aerodynamic predictions for the unsteady aerodynamics experiment phase-II at the national renewable energy laboratory. in: Proceedings of 19th ASME Wind Energy Symposium and the 38th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV.
[144]	Spalart P R, Allamaras S R. 1992. A one-equations turbulence model for aerodynamic flows. AIAA Paper, 1992-0439.
[145]	Spera D A, Richards T R. 1979. Modified power law equations for vertical wind profile. Cleveland, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
[146]	Standish K J, van Dam C P. 2003. Analysis of blunt trailing edge airfoils. AIAA Paper, 2003-0353.
[147]	Stewart R H. 2004. Introduction to Physical Oceanography. Texas: Texas A&M University.
[148]	Stork C H J, Butterfield C P, Holley W, Madsen P H, Jensen P H. 1998. Wind conditions for wind turbine design proposals for revision of the IEC 1400-1 standard. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 74-76: 443-454.
[149]	Tang Y G, Hu J, Liu L Q. 2011. Study on the dynamic response for floating foundation of offshore wind turbine. in: Proceedings of the ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. The Netherlands, Ocean Renewable Energy, 5: 929-933.
[150]	Tangler J L, Somers D M. 1995. NREL Airfoil Families for HAWTS, Golden, Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
[151]	Taylor G J, Smith D. 1991. Wake measurements over complex terrain. in: Proceedings of the 13th BWEA Wind Energy Conference, Swansea, UK, 335-42.
[152]	Timmer W A, van Rooij. 2003. Summary of the DELFT University Wind Turbine Dedicated Airfoils. AIAA Paper, 2003-0352.
[153]	Timmer W A. 2009. An overview of NACA 6-digit airfoil series characteristics with reference to airfoils for large wind turbine blades. AIAA, 2009-268.
[154]	Tongchitpakdee C, Benjanirat S, Sankar L. 2005. Numerical simulation of the aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines under yawed flow conditions. AIAA, 2005-773.
[155]	Van Der Hoven. 1957. Power spectrum of horizontal wind speed in the frequency range from 0.0007 to 900 cycles per hour. Journal of Meteorology, 14: 160-164.
[156]	van Kuik GAM. 1991. On the limitations of Froude's actuator disc concept. [PhD Thesis]. Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology.
[157]	Vermeer L J, Sørensen J N, Crepo A. 2003. Wind turbine wake aerodynamics. Progress in Aerospace Science, 39: 467-510.
[158]	Voutsinas S G, Belessis M A, Rados K G. 1994. Investigation of the yawed operation of wind turbines by means of a vortex particles method. Wind Energy, 11-11.
[159]	Wagner R, Courtney M, Gottschall J, Lindelöw-Marsden P. 2011. Accounting for the speed shear in wind turbine power performance measurement. Wind Energy, 14: 993-1004.
[160]	Wang H. 2012, Suitability of offshore wind turbine design standards for America, Asia, and Europe. [Master Thesis]. Bloomington: Indiana University.
[161]	Wilcox D C. 1998. Turbulence Modeling for CFD. Canada: DCW Industries.
[162]	Wolfe W P, Stuart S Ochs. 1997. CFD calculation of S809 aerodynamic characteristics, AIAA Paper, 1997-0973.
[163]	王同光. 2009. 风力机空气动力学面临的挑战. 第五届全国风能技术应用年会, http://d.g.wanfangdata. com.cn/Conference_7083276.aspx.
[164]	王芳, 王同光. 2009. 基于涡尾迹方法的风力机非定常气动特性计算. 太阳能学报, 30: 1286-1291 (Wang F, Wang T G. 2009. Wind turbine unsteady aerodynamic performance prediction based on the vortex wake method. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 30: 1286-1291 (in Chinese)
[165]	魏慧荣. 2007. 风电场微观选址的数值模拟. [硕士论文]. 北京：华北电力大学 (Wei H R. 2007. The numerical simulation of windfarm micrositing. [Master Thesis]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University (in Chinese)
[166]	伍艳. 2006. 风力机叶片的非定常空气动力学特性计算. [硕士论文]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学 ( Wu Y. 2006. Calculation of the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine blades. [Master Thesis]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (in Chinese)).
[167]	吴江海, 王同光, 赵新华. 2011. 风力机叶片优化设计目标. 南京航空航天大学学报, 43: 661-666 (Wu J H, Wang T G, Zhao X H. 2011. Design targets for wind turbine blade optimization. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 43: 661-666 (in Chinese)
[168]	Xu G. 2001. Computational studies of horizontal axis wind turbines. [Ph.D. Thesis] Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology.
[169]	肖子牛, 朱蓉, 宋丽莉等. 2010. 中国风能资源评估 (2009). 北京: 气象出版社.
[170]	许波峰, 王同光. 2011. 基于自由涡尾迹法和面元法全耦合风力机气动特性计算. 南京航空航天大学学报, 43: 592-597 (Xu B F, Wang T G. 2011. Wind turbine aerodynamic performance prediction based on free-wake/panel model coupled method. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 43: 592-597 (in Chinese)
[171]	阎启, 谢强, 李杰. 2009. 风场长期观测与数据分析. 建筑科学与工程学报, 26: 37-42 (Yan Q, Xie Q, Li J. 2009. Long-term observation and data analysis of wind field. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 26: 37-42 (in Chinese)
[172]	叶枝全, 黄继雄, 陈严. 2002. 风力机新系列翼型气动性能研究. 太阳能学报, 23: 211-216 (Ye Z Q, Huang J X, Chen Y. 2002. Research on aerodynamic performance of a series of novel airfoils for wind turbine. Acta Engergiae Solaris Sinica, 23: 211-216 (in Chinese)
[173]	张德, 朱蓉, 罗勇, 俞卫, 王澄海. 2008. 风能模拟系统WEST在中国风能数值模拟中的应用. 高原气象, 1: 202-207 (Zhang D, Zhu R, Luo Y, Yu W, Wang C H. 2008. Application of wind energy simulation toolkit (west) to wind energy numerical simulation of China. Plateau Meteorology, 1: 202-207 (in Chinese)
[174]	张来平, 贺立新, 刘伟, 李明, 张涵信. 2013. 基于非结构/混合网格的高阶精度格式研究进展. 力学进展, 43：202-236 (Zhang L P, He L X, Liu W, Li M, Zhang H X. 2013. Reviews of high-order methods on unstructured and hybrid grid. Advances in Mechanics, 43: 202-236 (in Chinese)
[175]	张兆顺. 2002. 湍流. 北京：国防工业出版社. (Zhang Z S. 2002. Turbulence. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press (in Chinese)
[176]	赵静, 2012. 海上风力机系统流体动力性能数值模拟与实验研究. [博士学位]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学. (Zhao J. 2012. Numerical simulation and experimental study on hydrodynamic characteristic of offshore wind turbine system. [Ph.D. Thesis]. Harbin: Harbin Engineering University (in Chinese)
[177]	朱蓉, 何晓凤, 周荣卫, 程兴宏, 赵东. 2010. 区域风能资源的数值模拟评估方法. 风能, 4: 50-54 (Zhu R, He X F, Zhou R W, Cheng X H, Zhao D. 2010. Numerical Simulation and method for regional wind energy resource assessment. Wind Energy, 4: 50-54 (in Chinese)