Review on research progress of mechanical metamaterials and their applications in vibration and noise control
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摘要: 力学超材料是一类由人工微结构单元构筑的复合结构或复合材料, 具有天然材料所不具备的静力学/动力学性能. 由于这些超常特性通常取决于微结构单元而非材料组分, 这就为力学性能调控和结构功能材料设计提供了新思路. 本文在简述力学超材料概念的提出、发展及其超常力学性能的基础上, 以装备减振降噪工程需求为牵引, 重点探讨力学超材料在水声调控, 空气声吸隔声降噪, 结构减振抗冲设计等方面的应用探索及发展趋势, 为相关领域的科研及工程人员提供一定参考.Abstract: Mechanical metamaterials are man-made composite structures or materials constructed from artificial microstructural units with extraordinary static/dynamic properties not found in natural materials. Since these properties mainly depend on the microstructural units rather than the material components, this provides new design schemes for functional materials that allow us to manipulate mechanical properties to a larger extent. This paper first gives a brief introduction to the history, development, and main categories of mechanical materials, followed by their extraordinary mechanical properties. Then we mainly review the research progress and future trends on applications of mechanical metamaterials in underwater sound control, air-borne sound absorption/insulation, structural vibration, and impact control. Last but not least, several types of novel mechanical metamaterials are introduced to provide some reference for scientific researchers and engineers in related fields.
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图 2 局域共振声子晶体及其低频带隙. (a)结构示意图, (b)声波传输特性及能带结构(Liu et al. 2000)
图 5 单负及双负力学超材料能带特性. (a) 偶极局域共振单元能带结构 (软包覆层+硬质芯体单元), (b) 单极局域共振单元能带结构 (水基空气泡单元), (c) 混合局域共振超材料能带结构(Ding et al. 2007)
图 6 力学超材料静力学参数调制空间. (a) 基于Milton图的力学超材料参数调制空间, (b) 基于Ashby图的力学超材料参数调制空间 (Zheng et al. 2014)
图 7 (a) 五模力学超材料能带结构, (b) “金属水”五模力学超材料的类水特性 (陈毅等 2016)
图 18 (a)薄膜型力学超材料及其(b)吸声性能(Mei et al. 2012), (c)耦合共振薄膜型力学超材料结构单元(Ma et al. 2014)
图 19 (a)空间卷曲力学超材料及其(b)单元结构和 (c)吸声调谐规律(Wang et al. 2017a)
图 20 (a)微穿孔复合空间卷曲超材料(Wu et al. 2019), (b) 泡沫复合卷曲通道超材料(Zhao H et al. 2020)
图 21 二维声子晶体隔声结构. (a) 雕塑隔声结构 (Martinez-Sala et al. 1995), (b) 二维声子晶体示意图, (c) 声子晶体隔声屏障 (Garcia-Chocano et al. 2012)
图 22 薄膜力学超材料的隔声特性. (a) 隔声曲线及相位曲线, (b) 隔声峰谷模态振型, (c) 动态等效质量密度和膜结构平均位移曲线(Zhang et al. 2012)
图 24 周期性附加局域共振子的板状力学超材料(Xiao et al. 2012a)
图 25 板状力学超材料的隔声设计. (a) 附着局域共振子的双层板状力学超材料(de Melo Filho et al. 2019), (b) 内含亥姆霍兹共鸣器的双层板状力学超材料(Langfeldt et al. 2020), (c) 轻质薄层板状力学超材料 (Xiao et al. 2021a), (d) 含多孔材料层的双层板状超材料(Wang et al. 2021)
图 26 (a)周期排布亥姆霍兹共振器管路(Fang et al. 2006), (b)周期排布柔性壁管路 (Liu et al. 2020a)
图 29 离散局域共振系统力学超材料模型及能带特性. (a) 一维局域共振单原子链结构, (b) 局域共振系统和原子链系统色散曲线, (c) 二维局域共振原子链结构, (d) 二维局域共振系统的带隙特性(Huang & Sun 2011)
图 30 阻尼对声子晶体色散特性的影响(Hussein et al. 2014)
图 34 (a)质量放大力学超材料元胞构型 (Orta & Yilmaz 2019, Yuksel & Yilmaz 2020) ; (b)一维质量放大超材料设 (Muhammad et al. 2020, Orta & Yilmaz 2019); (c)二维质量放大超材料设计 (Xi et al. 2021, Yuksel & Yilmaz 2020, Zhang Y et al. 2016)
图 35 一维、二维声学黑洞结构及波传播特性(季宏丽等 2017)
图 36 (a) 典型材料阻尼与刚度的关系; (b) 力学超材料的超阻尼特性 (Hussein和Frazier 2013)
图 37 力学超材料结构及减振特性. (a) 蜂窝夹层板力学超材料(Song et al. 2019); (b)具有反馈式分流电路的主动超材料(蓝色实线为附加分流电路, 黑色虚线为电路短路) (Chen et al. (2013), (c) 点阵桁架夹层力学超材料(Zhang et al. 2021a)
图 42 由双稳态单元构成的一维链状力学超材料 (Nadkarni et al. 2014)
图 43 典型负泊松比力学超材料. (a) 内凹蜂窝结构, (b) 手性结构, (c) 旋转刚体结构(Frenzel et al. 2017)
图 45 (a) 内凹蜂窝夹芯板结构, (b)交叉排列内凹蜂窝夹芯板结构(Jin et al. 2016)
图 46 (a) 厚壁内凹蜂窝垂直V, Y和X变形模式; (b)薄壁内凹蜂窝水平双V和Z变形模式(Dong et al. 2019)
图 47 新型负泊松比力学超材料. (a)仿生内凹蜂窝结构(Zhang et al. 2020), (b) 三维双U结构(Yang和Ma 2021), (c)星形负泊松比结构(Lu et al. 2021)
图 49 (a) 准零刚度力学超材料及其隔振特性 (Fan et al. 2020), (b) 二维多孔软材料及其力学特性(Florijn et al. 2014)
图 51 基于生成对抗网络的力学超材料拓扑结构优化设计(Zhang et al. 2021d)
图 52 力学超材料的拓扑态及波调控应用. (a)基于弹性波精确调控的信号处理器件(Zangeneh-Nejad &Fleury 2019), (b)定向噪声屏蔽(Zhang et al. 2018c), (c)弹性波亚波长高阶拓扑态及其维度转换现象(Zheng et al. 2022)
图 53 基于PT对称性超材料的声传感器模型 (Fleury et al. 2015)
图 54 包含增益或损耗特性的非厄米超材料谷态的声场模式 (Zhang et al. 2019)
表 1 梁、板类力学超材料带隙计算理论模型
模型 代表性文献 模型 代表性文献 局域共振弦结构 (Xiao et al. 2011) 局域共振杆结构 (Wang et al. 2006, Song et al. 2013, Nobrega et al. 2016)
多谐振局域共振杆结构(Xiao et al. 2012b) 局域共振梁结构 (Yu et al. 2006a, Wang et al. 2005, Xiao et al. 2013a, Sugino et al. 2017, Yu et al. 2012, Sugino et al. 2016, 王刚等 2005)
多谐振局域共振梁结构(Xiao et al. 2012c, Miranda Jr & Dos Santos 2019) 局域共振板结构 (Yu et al. 2006b, Oudich et al. 2010, Xiao et al. 2012d)
多谐振局域共振板结构(Xiao et al. 2012e, Miranda Jr et al. 2019) -
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