页岩气开采中的若干力学前沿问题

刘曰武; 高大鹏; 李奇; 万义钊; 段文杰; 曾霞光; 李明耀; 苏业旺; 范永波; 李世海; 鲁晓兵; 周东; 陈伟民; 傅一钦; 姜春晖; 侯绍继; 潘利生; 魏小林; 胡志明; 端祥刚; 高树生; 沈瑞; 常进; 李晓雁; 柳占立; 魏宇杰; 郑哲敏

doi:10.6052/1000-0992-17-020

文章导航 > 力学进展 > 2019 > 49(1): 201901

刘曰武, 高大鹏, 李奇, 万义钊, 段文杰, 曾霞光, 李明耀, 苏业旺, 范永波, 李世海, 鲁晓兵, 周东, 陈伟民, 傅一钦, 姜春晖, 侯绍继, 潘利生, 魏小林, 胡志明, 端祥刚, 高树生, 沈瑞, 常进, 李晓雁, 柳占立, 魏宇杰, 郑哲敏. 页岩气开采中的若干力学前沿问题[J]. 力学进展, 2019, 49(1): 201901. doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-17-020

引用本文:

Yuewu LIU, Dapeng GAO, Qi LI, Yizhao WAN, Wenjie DUAN, Xiaguang ZENG, Mingyao LI, Yewang SU, Yongbo FAN, Shihai LI, Xiaobing LU, Dong ZHOU, Weimin CHEN, Yiqin FU, Chunhui JIANG, Shaoji HOU, Lisheng PAN, Xiaolin WEI, Zhiming HU, Xianggang DUAN, Shusheng GAO, Rui SHEN, Jin CHANG, Xiaoyan LI, Zhanli LIU, Yujie WEI, Zhemin ZHENG. Mechanical frontiers in shale-gas development[J]. Advances in Mechanics, 2019, 49(1): 201901. doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-17-020

Citation:

Yuewu LIU, Dapeng GAO, Qi LI, Yizhao WAN, Wenjie DUAN, Xiaguang ZENG, Mingyao LI, Yewang SU, Yongbo FAN, Shihai LI, Xiaobing LU, Dong ZHOU, Weimin CHEN, Yiqin FU, Chunhui JIANG, Shaoji HOU, Lisheng PAN, Xiaolin WEI, Zhiming HU, Xianggang DUAN, Shusheng GAO, Rui SHEN, Jin CHANG, Xiaoyan LI, Zhanli LIU, Yujie WEI, Zhemin ZHENG. Mechanical frontiers in shale-gas development[J]. Advances in Mechanics, 2019, 49(1): 201901. doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-17-020

引用本文:

Citation:

Yuewu LIU, Dapeng GAO, Qi LI, Yizhao WAN, Wenjie DUAN, Xiaguang ZENG, Mingyao LI, Yewang SU, Yongbo FAN, Shihai LI, Xiaobing LU, Dong ZHOU, Weimin CHEN, Yiqin FU, Chunhui JIANG, Shaoji HOU, Lisheng PAN, Xiaolin WEI, Zhiming HU, Xianggang DUAN, Shusheng GAO, Rui SHEN, Jin CHANG, Xiaoyan LI, Zhanli LIU, Yujie WEI, Zhemin ZHENG. Mechanical frontiers in shale-gas development[J]. Advances in Mechanics, 2019, 49(1): 201901. doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-17-020

页岩气开采中的若干力学前沿问题

doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-17-020

刘曰武^1,4,
高大鹏¹,
李奇¹,
万义钊¹,
段文杰¹,
曾霞光¹,
李明耀¹,
苏业旺¹,
范永波¹,
李世海¹,
鲁晓兵^1,4,
周东¹,
陈伟民^1,4,
傅一钦^1,4,
姜春晖^1,4,
侯绍继^1,4,
潘利生¹,
魏小林¹,
胡志明²,
端祥刚²,
高树生²,
沈瑞²,
常进²,
李晓雁³,
柳占立³,
魏宇杰^1,†, ,,
郑哲敏^1,*, ,

¹ 中国科学院力学研究所, 北京 100190
² 中国石油勘探开发研究院廊坊分院, 河北廊坊 065007
³ 清华大学航天航空学院, 北京 100084
⁴ 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

基金项目: 国家十三五重大专项《页岩气气藏工程及采气工艺技术》(2016ZX05037)、国家重点基础研究发展计划(973) “中国南方海相页岩气高效开发的基础研究”(2013CB228000),中国科学院先导B 类项目“复杂介质系统前沿与交叉力学”(XDB22020200).

详细信息

作者简介:

魏宇杰, 研究员, 1997年从北京大学力学系获学士学位, 2000从中国科学院获硕士, 2006年获麻省理工学院博士; 之后在布朗大学开展博士后研究, 2008年加入阿拉巴马大学担任助理教授, 2010年加入中国科学院力学研究所.

刘曰武, 博士, 中国科学院力学研究所研究员, 博士生导师.

高大鹏, 1989年出生, 山东东营人, 高级工程师,主要从事油气田开发工程方面的研究工作.

曾霞光, 博士, 硕士生导师.

李晓雁, 清华大学工程力学系长聘副教授博导.

胡志明, 高级工程师.

鲁晓兵, 研究员. 1999于中国科学院力学研究所获博士学位.

李世海, 中国科学院力学研究所研究员, 博士生导师

陈伟民, 中国科学院力学研究所研究员.

侯绍继, 中国科学院工程力学硕士

潘利生, 中国科学院力学研究所,高温气体动力学国家重点实验室, 工学博士, 副研究员, 硕士研究生导师.

郑哲敏, 著名力学家、爆炸力学专家.

通讯作者:
魏宇杰

郑哲敏

中图分类号: TE37;
计量
- 文章访问数: 6962
- HTML全文浏览量: 961
- PDF下载量: 842
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2017-05-18
- 刊出日期: 2019-02-08

Mechanical frontiers in shale-gas development

¹ Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
² Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute Langfang Branch,Langfang 065007, China
³ School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
⁴ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

More Information

Corresponding author: Yujie WEI; Zhemin ZHENG

摘要

摘要: 页岩气的开采涉及破裂和收集输运两个关键过程.如何实现2000,m以下、复杂地应力作用下、多相复杂介质组分的页岩层内网状裂纹的形成,同时将孔洞、缝隙中的游离、吸附气体进行高效收集,涉及到诸多的核心力学问题.这一工程过程涵盖了力学前沿研究的诸多领域：介质和裂纹从纳米尺度到千米尺度的空间跨越,游离、吸附气体输运过程中微秒以下的时间尺度事件到历经数年开采的时间尺度跨越,不同尺度上流体固体的相互作用,以及压裂过程中通过监测信息反演内部破坏状态等.针对近年来我们国家页岩气勘探开发工作所取得的成就及后续发展中面临的前沿力学问题,在综合介绍页岩气藏的基本特征和开发技术的基础上,以页岩气开采中的若干力学前沿问题为主线,从页岩力学性质及其表征方法、页岩气藏实验模拟技术、页岩气微观流动机制及流固耦合特征、水力压裂过程数值模拟方法、水力压裂过程微地震监测技术、高效环保的无水压裂技术等6个方面的最新研究进展进行了总结和展望,结合页岩气藏开发的工程实践, 深入探究了其中力学关键问题,以期对从事页岩气领域的开发和研究的从业人员提供理论基础, 同时,该方面的内容对力学学科、尤其是岩土力学领域的科研工作也具有重要指导价值.
- 页岩气 /
- 压裂 /
- 力学性质 /
- 数值模拟 /
- 监测技术 /
- 渗流
Abstract: The development ofshale gas involves two critical processes including fracturing andtransportation. To realize reticular fractures in the shale layerof multi-phase under more than 2000 m subjected to complexgeo-stress and to collect the free and adsorbed gases encapsulatedin the layer, we face many key mechanical challenges to beaddressed. There are several cut-on-edge research topicsassociated with shale gas development: the huge span in structuralsize and fracture eveents from nanoscale to even severalkilometers, free and adsorbed gas transporting at temperal scalesfrom microseconds to the life-long mining of a shale-gas well, thefluid-solid interaction at different time and length scales, andthe in-situ monitoring on internal damage states duringfracturing. In view of the achievements in shale-gas explorationand the mechanical research frontiers for subsequent development,we give a comprehensive review on the basic characteristics anddevelopment techniques of shale-gas reservoirs. We cover in thisreview six aspects of the latest research progress, the mechanicalproperties of shales and their characterization, shale gasreservoir experimental techniques, shale gas micro-flow mechanismand fluid-solid coupling characteristics, numerical simulation ofhydraulic fracturing process, micro-seismic monitoring technologyof hydraulic fracturing process and high-efficiency andenvironmentally friendly waterless fracturing technology.Combining with the engineering practice of shale-gas reservoirdevelopment, the key issues of mechanics are presented, to providea theoretical basis for the practitioners engaged in thedevelopment and research of shale-gas field. We suspect that theprogress summarized here may help guide general research inmechanics, especially in geotechnical mechanics.
- shale gas /
- fracturing /
- mechanicalproperties /
- numerical simulation /
- monitoring technology /
- porousflow

HTML全文

参考文献(582)

[1]	彪仿俊, 刘合, 张劲, 张士诚, 王秀喜. 2011. 螺旋射孔条件下地层破裂压力的数值模拟研究. 中国科学技术大学学报, 41: 219-226 (Biao F J, Liu H, Zhang J, Zhang S C, Wang X X.2011. Numerical simulation of fracture pressure of formation under helix perforation conditions. Journal of University of Science and Technology of China, 41: 219-226).
[2]	彪仿俊, 刘合, 张士诚, 张劲, 王秀喜. 2011. 水力压裂水平裂缝影响参数的数值模拟研究. 工程力学, 28: 228-235 (Biao F J, Liu H, Zhang S C, Zhang J, Wang X X.2011. Numerical simulation study on influence parameters of hydraulic fracturing horizontal crack. Engineering Mechanics, 28: 228-235).
[3]	薄其众, 葛刚, 马功联. 2003. 高能气体压裂技术与应用. 海洋石油, 23: 69-71 (Bo Q Z, Gang G E, Ma G L.2003. High energy gas fracture technology and application. Offshore Oil, 23: 69-71).
[4]	才博, 王欣, 蒋廷学, 吕雪晴. 2007. 液态CO$_{2}$压裂技术在煤层气压裂中的应用. 天然气技术, 1: 40-42 (Cai B, Wang X, Jiang T X, Lü X Q.2007. Application of hydraulic CO$_{2}$ fracturing technique in coalbed gas fracturing. Natural Gas Technology, 1: 40-42).
[5]	陈发宇, 尚永生, 杨长春. 2007. Matching Pursuits方法综述. 地震物理学进展, 22: 1466-1473 (Chen F Y, Shang Y S, Yang C C.2007. A general description of matching pursuits decomposition method. Progress in Geophysics, 22: 1466-1473).
[6]	陈良森, 李长春. 1992. 关于岩体的本构关系. 力学进展, 22: 173-182 (Chen L S, Li C C.1992. On the constitutive relations of rocks. Advances in Mechanics, 22: 173-182).
[7]	陈勉, 葛洪魁, 赵金洲, 姚军. 2015. 页岩油气高效开发的关键基础理论与挑战. 石油钻探技术, 43, 7-14.
[8]	陈勉, 庞飞, 金衍. 2000. 大尺寸真三轴水力压裂模拟与分析. 岩石力学与工程学报, 19: 868-872 (Chen M, Pang F, Jin Y.2000. Simulation and analysis of dimensions of true three axis hydraulic fracturing. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 19: 868-872).
[9]	陈鹏飞, 刘友权, 邓素芬, 吴文刚, 雷英全, 张亚东, 黄晨直. 2013. 页岩气体积压裂滑溜水的研究及应用. 石油与天然气化工, 42: 270-273 (Chen P F, Liu Y Q, Deng S F, Wu W G, Lei Y Q, Zhang Y D, Huang C Z.2013. Research and application of slick water for shale volume fracturing. Chemical Engineering of Oil & Gas, 42: 270-273).
[10]	陈守雨, 杜林麟, 贾碧霞, 修书志. 2011. 多井同步体积压裂技术研究. 石油钻采工艺, 33: 59-65 (Chen S Y, Du L Q, Jia B X, Xiu S Z.2011. Research on the simultaneous volume fracturing of multiple wells. Oil Drilling & Production Technology, 33: 59-65).
[11]	陈天宇, 冯夏庭, 张希巍, 曹卫东, 付长剑. 2014. 黑色页岩力学特性及各向异性特性试验研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 33: 1772-1779 (Chen T Y, Feng X T, Zhang X W, Cao W D, Fu C J.2014. Experimental study on mechanical and anisotropic properties of black shale. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 33: 1772-1779).
[12]	陈叶, 高向东, 韩文龙, 李媛媛, 周晓得. 2015. 页岩储层天然裂缝发育特征概述. 西部探矿工程, 2: 73-78 (Chen Y, Gao X D, Han W L, Li Y Y, Zhou X D.2015. Development characteristics of natural fractures in shale reservoirs. West-China Exploration Engineering, 2: 73-78).
[13]	陈作, 王振铎, 曾华国. 2007. 水平井分段压裂工艺技术现状及展望. 天然气工业, 27: 78-80 (Chen Z, Wang Z D, Zeng H G.2007. Status quo and prospect of staged fracturing technique in horizontal wells. Natural Gas Industry, 27: 78-80).
[14]	崔永君, 李育辉, 张群, 降文萍. 2005. 煤吸附甲烷的特征曲线及其在煤层气储集研究中的作用. 科学通报, 50: 76-81 (Cui Y J, Li Y H, Zhang Q, Jiang W P.2005. Characteristic curve of coal adsorption of methane and its role in coalbed gas reservoir. Chinese Science Bulletin, 50: 76-81).
[15]	刁海燕. 2013. 泥页岩储层岩石力学特性及脆性评价. 岩石学报, 29: 3300-3306 (Diao H Y.2013. Rock mechanical properties and brittleness evaluation of shale reservoir. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 29: 3300-3306).
[16]	丁雁生, 陈力, 谢燮, 张盛宗, 刘先贵, 刘小. 2001. 低渗透油气田"层内爆炸"增产技术研究. 石油勘探与开发, 28: 90-96 (Ding Y S, Chen L, Xie X, Zhang S Z, Liu X G, Liu X.2001. Low-permeability oil and gas fields layer in-fracture explosive fracturing Technology. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 28: 90-96).
[17]	丁云宏, 丛连铸, 卢拥军, 雷群, 管保山, 慕立俊. 2002. CO$_{2}$泡沫压裂液的研究与应用. 石油勘探与开发, 29: 103-105 (Ding Y H, Cong L Z, Lu Y J, Lei Q, Guan B S, Mu L J.2002. Study and application of CO$_{2}$ foam fracturing fluids. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 29: 103-105).
[18]	董大忠, 邹才能, 李建忠, 王社教, 李新景, 王玉满, 李登华, 黄金亮. 2011. 页岩气资源潜力与勘探开发前景. 地质通报, 30: 324-336 (Dong D Z, Zou C N, Li J Z, Wang S J, Li X J, Wang Y M, Li D H, Li J L.2011. Resource potential, exploration and development prospect of shale gas in the whole world. Geological Bulletin of China, 30: 324-336).
[19]	董谦, 刘小平, 李武广, 董清源. 2012. 关于页岩含气量确定方法的探讨. 天然气与石油, 30: 34-37 (Dong Q, Liu X P, Li W G, Dong Q Y.2012. Determination of gas content in shale. Natural Gas and Oil, 30: 34-37).
[20]	段建华. 2014. 微地震事件不同初至拾取方法的对比分析. 煤田地质与勘探, 3: 82-86 (Duan J H.2014. Comparison of picking method of microseismic first-break. Coal Geology & Exploration, 3: 82-86).
[21]	冯增朝, 赵阳升, 文再明. 2005. 煤岩体孔隙裂隙双重介质逾渗机理研究, 岩石力学与工程学报, 24: 236-240 (Feng Z C, Zhao Y S, Wen Z M.2005. Percolation mechanism of fractured coal rocks as dual-continua. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 24: 236-240).
[22]	高树生, 胡志明, 郭为, 左罗, 沈瑞. 2013. 页岩储层吸水特征与返排能力. 天然气工业, 33: 71-76 (Gao S S, Hu Z M, Guo W, Zuo L, Shen R.2013. Water absorption characteristics and flowback ability of shale reservoir. Natural Gas Industry, 33: 71-76).
[23]	高树生, 于兴河, 刘华勋. 2011. 滑脱效应对页岩气产能影响的分析. 天然气工业, 31: 55-58 (Gao S S, Yu X H, Liu H X.2011. Impact of slippage effect on shale gas well productivity. Natural Gas Industry, 31: 55-58).
[24]	耿龙祥, 曹玉珊. 2015. 页岩气资源/储量计算与评价技术规范解读. 非常规油气, 2: 10-14 (Geng L X, Cao Y S. Interpretation of the calculation and evaluation of shale gas resources/reserves. Unconventional Oil & Gas, 2015, 2: 10-14).
[25]	郭建春, 周鑫浩, 邓燕. 2015. 页岩气水平井组拉链压裂过程中地应力的分布规律. 天然气工业, 35: 44-48 (Guo J C, Zhou X H, Deng Y.2015. Distribution rules of earth stress during zipper fracturing of shale gas horizontal cluster wells. Natural Gas Industry, 35: 44-48).
[26]	郭为, 胡志明, 左罗, 高树生,于荣泽, 曾博. 2015. 页岩基质解吸-扩散-渗流耦合实验及数学模型. 力学学报, 47: 916-922 (Guo W, Hu Z M, Zuo L, Gao S S, Yu R Z, Zeng B.2015. Gas desorption-diffusion-seepage coupled experiment of shale matrix and mathematic model. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 47: 916-922).
[27]	韩烈祥, 朱丽华, 孙海芳, 谯抗逆. 2014. 无水压裂技术. 天然气工业, 34: 48-54 (Han L X, Zhu L H, Sun H F, Qiao K N.2014. LPG waterless fracturing technology. Natural Gas Technology, 34: 48-54).
[28]	何胡军, 王秋语, 程会明. 2010. 基于匹配追踪算法子波分解技术在薄互层储层预测中的应用. 物探化探计算技术, 32: 641-644 (He H J, Wang Q Y, Cheng H M.2010. The application of wavelet decomposition technique based on matching pursuit algorithm in thin interbedded reservoir prediction. Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical exploration, 32: 641-644).
[29]	何龙. 2014. 涪陵地区大安寨段页岩气裂缝特征及分布规律. [硕士论文]. 成都: 成都理工大学 (He L.2014. The development of characteristic and distribution of fracture of Da'anzhai member in Fuling area, eastern Sichuan Basin. [Master Thesis]. Chengdu: Chengdu Univeristy of Technology).
[30]	何惺华. 2013. 基于三分量的微地震震源反演方法与效果. 石油地球物理勘探, 48: 71-76 (He X H.2013. Seismic source inversion method based on three component and its effect. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 48: 71-76).
[31]	侯晓伟, 王猛, 刘宇, 刘娇男, 宋昱. 2016. 页岩气超临界状态吸附模型及其地质意义. 中国矿业大学学报, 45: 111-118 (Hou X W, Wang M, Liu Y, Liu J N, Song Y.2016. Supercritical adsorption model of shale gas and its geological significance. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 45: 111-118).
[32]	淮秀兰, Shigeru K.2004. 微通道内超临界二氧化碳的压降与传热特性. 工程热物理学报, 25: 843-845 (Huai X L, Shigeru K.2004. Heat transfer and pressure drop of supercritical carbon dioxide in multi-port channels. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 25: 843-845).
[33]	黄媛. 2008. 结合波形互相关技术的双差算法在地震定位中的应用探讨. 国际地震动态, 4: 29-34 (Huang Y.2008. Study on the application and development of the DD algorithm with cross crosslation of waveform data in the earthquake location. Recent Developments in World Seismology, 4: 29-34).
[34]	黄志龙, 郝石生. 1996. 天然气扩散与浓度封闭作用的研究. 石油学报, 17: 36-41 (Huang Z L, Hao S S.1996. Study on sealing of gas concentration and difussion in overlying gas reservoirs. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 17: 36-41).
[35]	汲广胜, 姚军. 2013. 孔隙网络模型的可视化方法及应用. 科学技术与工程, 13: 3073-3077 (Ji G S, Yao J.2013. Visualization and applications of pore network models. Science Technology and Engineering, 13: 3073-3077).
[36]	贾承造, 郑民, 张永峰. 2012. 中国非常规油气资源与勘探开发前景. 石油勘探与开发, 39: 129-136 (Jia C Z, Zheng M, Z Y F.2012. Influencing factors for the development of shale gas industry. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 39: 129-136).
[37]	贾虎, 王瑞英, 杨洪波, 王锐, 张凡, 宋孝丹. 2010. 低渗砂岩储层正压射孔中水锁损害试验研究. 石油钻探技术, 38: 76-79 (Jia H, Wang R Y, Yang H B, Wang R, Zhang F, Song X D.2010. Experimental study of water-block from overbalance perforation in low-permeable sandstone. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 38: 76-79).
[38]	蒋裕强, 董大忠, 漆麟, 沈妍斐, 蒋婵, 何溥为. 2010. 页岩气储层的基本特征及其评价. 天然气工业, 30: 7-12 (Jiang Y Q, Dong D Z, Qi L, Shen Y F, Jiang C, He F W.2010. Basic features and evaluation of shale gas reservoirs. Natural Gas Industry, 30: 7-12).
[39]	久凯, 丁文龙, 李玉喜, 张金川, 曾维特. 2012. 黔北地区构造特征与下寒武统页岩气储层裂缝研究. 天然气地球科学, 23: 797-803 (Jiu K, Ding W L, Li Y X, Zhang J C, Zeng W T.2012. Structural features in Northern Guizhou area and reservoir fracture of lower Cambrian shale gas. Natural Gas Geoscience, 23: 797-803).
[40]	李传乐, 王安仕, 李文魁. 2001. 国外油气井"层内爆炸"增产技术概述及分析. 石油钻采工艺, 5: 77-78 (Li C L, Wang A S, Li W K.2001. Foreign oil and gas well "layer explosion" technical overview and analysis of yield. Oil Drilling & Production Technology, 5: 77-78).
[41]	李建忠, 李登华, 董大忠, 王社教. 2012. 中美页岩气成藏条件、分布特征差异研究与启示. 中国工程科学, 14: 56-63 (Li J Z, Li D H, Dong D Z, Wang S J.2012. Comparison and enlightenment on formation condition and distribution characteristics of shale gas between China and U.S. Engineering Sciences, 14: 56-63).
[42]	李君辉. 2015. 基于微震监测与地应力分析的低渗油藏压裂致缝解释研究. [硕士论文]. 长春: 吉林大学 (Li J H.2015. Research on hydraulic farcture interpretation in low permeability reservoirs based on micro-seismic monitoring and in-situ stress analyzing. [Master Thesis]. Changchun: Jilin University).
[43]	李立. 2010. 国内第一口页岩气井"吐气". 石油钻采工艺, 89-89 (Li L.2010. The first domestic shale gas wells "out ". Oil Drilling & Production Technology, 89-89).
[44]	李录贤, 王铁军. 2005. 扩展有限元法(XFEM)及其应用. 力学进展, 35: 5-20 (Li L X, Wang T J.2005. The extended finite element method and its applications. Advances in Mechanics, 35: 5-20).
[45]	李鹭光. 2004. 四川盆地低渗透气藏开发技术研究. [博士论文]. 成都: 西南石油大学 (Li L G.2004. Research for the development technique of low permeability gas reservoirs in Sichuan basin. [PhD Thesis]. Chengdu: Southwest Petroleum University).
[46]	李明, 顾安忠, 鲁雪生, 汪荣顺. 2003. 吸附势理论在甲烷临界温度以上吸附中的应用. 天然气化工, 28: 28-31 (Li M, Gu A Z, Lu X S, Wang R S.2003. Study on methane adsorption above critical temperature by adsorption potential theory, Natural Gas Chemical Industry, 28: 28-31).
[47]	李庆辉, 陈勉, 金衍, 侯冰, 张保卫. 2012. 页岩脆性的室内评价方法及改进. 岩石力学与工程学报, 31: 1680-1685 (Li Q H, Chen M, Jin Y, Hou B, Zhang B W. Indoor evaluation method for shale brittleness and improvement. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 31: 1680-1685).
[48]	李庆辉, 陈勉, 金衍, 侯冰, 张家振. 2012. 页岩气储层岩石力学特性及脆性评价. 石油钻探技术, 40: 17-22 (Li Q H, Chen M, Jin Y, Hou B, Zhang J Z.2012. Rock mechanical properties and brittleness evaluation of shale gas reservoir. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 40: 17-22).
[49]	李淑华, 朱晏萱, 毕启玲. 2008. H$_{2}$S和CO$_{2}$对油管的腐蚀机理及现有防腐技术的特点. 石油矿场机械, 37: 90-93 (Li S, Zhu Y, Bi Q.2008. The corrosion and corrosion protection of the tubing in gas wells. Oil Field Equipment, 37: 90-93).
[50]	李武广, 钟兵, 杨洪志, 杨学锋, 胡志明, 陈满. 2016. 页岩储层基质气体扩散能力评价新方法. 石油学报, 37: 88-96. (Li W G, Zhong B, Yang H Z, Yang X F, Hu Z M, Chen M.2016. A new method for gas diffusivity evaluation in matrix rocks of shale reservoir. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 37: 88-96).
[51]	李小刚, 罗丹, 李宇, 张亚明. 2013. 同步压裂缝网形成机理研究进展. 新疆石油地质, 34: 228-231 (Li X G, Luo D, Li Y, Zhang Y M.2013. Advances of mechanism study of fracture networks formed by simultaneous fracturing process. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 34: 228-231).
[52]	林缅, 江文滨, 李勇, 易智星, 张召彬. 2015. 页岩油(气)微尺度流动中的若干问题. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 34: 18-28 (Lin M, Jiang W B, Li Y, Yi Z X, Zhang Z B.2015. Several questions in the micro-scale flow of shale oil/gas. Bulletin of Mineralogy Petrology and Geochemistry, 34: 18-28).
[53]	林英松, 蒋金宝, 朱天玉, 阮新芳, 丁雁生, 付英军, 张丰成, 王莉. 2006. 爆炸载荷对水泥试样损伤破坏规律研究. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 30: 55-58 (Lin Y S, Jiang J B, Zhu T Y, Ruan X F, Ding Y S, Fu Y J, Zhang F C, Wang L.2006. Reserch of cement samples damage and fracture by exploding load. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 30: 55-58).
[54]	蔺海晓, 杜春志. 2011. 煤岩拟三轴水力压裂实验研究. 煤炭学报, 36: 1801-1805 (Lin H X, Du C Z.2011. Experimental study on three axis hydraulic fracturing of coal and rock. Journal of Coal Science, 36: 1801-1805).
[55]	刘合, 王峰, 张劲, 孟思炜,段永伟. 2014. 二氧化碳干法压裂技术--应用现状与发展趋势. 石油勘探与开发, 41: 466-471 (Liu H, Wang F, Zhang J, Meng S W, Duan Y W.2014. Fracturing with carbon dioxide: Application status and development trend. Petroleum Exploration & Development, 41: 513-519).
[56]	刘洪林, 邓泽, 刘德勋, 赵群, 康永尚, 赵宏新. 2010. 页岩含气量测试中有关损失气量估算方法. 石油钻采工艺, 32: 156-158 (Liu H L, Deng Z, Liu D X, Zhao Q, Kang Y S, Zhao H X.2010. Discussion on lost gas calculating methods in shale gas content testing. Oil Drilling & Production Technology, 32: 156-158).
[57]	刘鸿文. 1997. 简明材料力学. 北京: 高等教育出版社 (Liu H W.1997.Concise Mechanics of Materials. Beijing: Higher Education Press).
[58]	刘建中, 刘翔鹗, 张雪, 刘新美, 王连捷, 沈政亮, 彭华. 1994. 大尺度水压致裂模拟实验. 地球物理学报, 37: 161-169 (Liu J Z, Liu X E, Zhang X, Liu X M, Wang L J, Shen Z L, Peng H.1994. Large-scale hydraulic fracturing simulation experiments. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 37: 161-169).
[59]	刘劲松, 王赟, 姚振兴. 2013. 微地震信号到时自动拾取方法. 地球物理学报, 5: 1660-1666 (Liu J S, Wang Y, Yao Z X.2013. On micro-seismic first arrival identification: A case study. Chinese Journal of Ceophysics, 5: 1660-1666).
[60]	刘鹏, 赵金洲, 李勇明, 陈鹏飞. 2015. 碳烃无水压裂液研究进展. 断块油气田, 22: 254-257 (Liu P, Zhao J Z, Li Y M, Chen P F.2015. Study advance in hydrocarbon waterless fracturing fluid. Drilling & Production Technology, 22: 254-257).
[61]	刘庆杰, 王金勋. 2001. 应用孔隙网络模型研究致密介质中气体渗流的滑脱效应//第六届全国流体力学会议文集, 北京: 气象出版社, 314-317 (Liu Q J, Wang J X.2001, Study on the slippage effects of gas seepage in compact medium//Proceedings of the 6th National Conference on Fluid Mechanics, Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 314-317).
[62]	刘迎香, 赵宇新, 杨永平, 李凤霞, 苗宏. 2004. 重复压裂裂缝延伸模拟实验研究. 江汉石油学院学报, 26: 92-93 (Liu Y X, Zhao Y X, Yang Y P, Li F X, Miao H.2004. Simulation study on fracture extension of repeated fracturing. Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute, 26: 92-93).
[63]	刘振武, 撒利明, 杨晓, 李向阳. 2011. 页岩气勘探开发对地球物理技术的需求. 石油地球物理勘探, 46: 810-818 (Liu Z W, Sa L M, Yang X, Li X Y.2011. Needs of geophysical technologies for shale gas exploration. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 46: 810-818).
[64]	柳贡慧, 庞飞, 陈治喜. 2000. 水力压裂模拟实验中的相似准则. 石油大学学报 (自然科学版), 24: 45-48 (Liu G H, Pang F, Chen Z X.2000. Similarity criterion in hydraulic fracturing simulation experiment. Journal of China University of Petroleum ( Natrual Science Edition), 24: 45-48).
[65]	柳占立, 庄茁, 孟庆国, 詹世革, 黄克智. 2017. 页岩气高效开采的力学问题与挑战. 力学学报, 49, 507-516 (Liu Z L, Zhuang Z, Meng Q G, Zhan S G, Huang K Z.2017. Problems and challenges of mechanics in shale gas efficient exploitation. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 49: 507-516).
[66]	卢德唐, 张龙军, 郑德温, 毕全福, 王磊, 杨景海. 2016. 页岩气组份模型产能预测及压裂优化. 科学通报, 61: 94-101 (Lu D T, Zhang L J, Zheng D W, Bi Q F, Wang L, Yang J H.2016. Shale productivity prediction and fracturing optimization based on compositional simulation. Science China Press,61: 94-101).
[67]	陆基孟. 1993. 地震勘探原理. 北京: 石油工业出版社 (Lu J M.1993.The Principle of Seismic Exploration. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press).
[68]	吕鹏, 丁志峰, 朱露培. 2011. 结合波形互相关的双差定位方法在2008年汶川地震余震序列中的应用. 地震学报, 33: 407-419, 557 (Lü P, Ding Z F, Zhu L P.2011. Application of double-difference relocation technique to aftershocks of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake using waveform cross-correlation. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 33: 407-419).
[69]	欧志鹏. 2014. 纳米孔隙中甲烷扩散的分子动力学研究. [硕士论文]. 成都: 西南石油大学 (Ou Z P.2014. Molecular simulation on the CH$_{4}$ diffusion in nano-pores. [Master Thesis]. Chengdu: Southwest Petroleum University).
[70]	潘林华, 程礼军, 张士诚, 郭天魁, 柳凯誉. 2015. 页岩储层体积压裂裂缝扩展机制研究. 岩土力学, 36: 205-211 (Pan L h, Cheng L J, Zhang S C, Guo T K, Liu K Y.2010. Mechanism of fracture propagation via numerical stimulation of reservoir volume fracture in shale reservoirs. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 36: 205-211).
[71]	潘兆科, 刘志河. 2004. 矸石破碎块度的分形性质及计算方法. 太原理工大学学报, 35: 115-117 (Pan Z K, Liu Z H.2004. Fractal properties of size distribution of gangue augmentation and routine calculation. Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology, 31: 669-672).
[72]	蒲泊伶, 蒋有录, 王毅, 包书景, 刘鑫金. 2010. 四川盆地下志留统龙马溪组页岩气成藏条件及有利地区分析. 石油学报, 31: 225-230 (Pu B L, Jiang Y L, Wang Y, Bao S J.2010. Reservoir-forming conditions and favorable exploration zones of shale gas in Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Sichuan Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 31: 225-230).
[73]	钱斌, 张俊成, 朱炬辉, 方泽本, 寇双峰, 陈锐. 2015. 四川盆地长宁地区页岩气水平井组"拉链式"压裂实践. 天然气工业, 35: 81-84 (Qian B, Zhang J C, Zhu J H, Fang Z B, Kou S F, Chen R.2015. Application of zipper fracturing of horizontal cluster wells in the changing shale gas pilot zone, Sichuan basin. Natural Gas Industry, 35: 81-84).
[74]	任俊杰. 2015. 基于格子Boltzmann方法的页岩气微观流动机理研究. [博士论文] . 成都: 西南石油大学 (Ren J J.2015. Study of microscopic transport mechanisms of shale gas using the lattice Boltzmann method. [PhD Thesis]. Chengdu: Southwest Petroleum University).
[75]	石根华. 1997. 数值流形方法与非连续变形分析. 北京: 淸华大学出版社 (Shi G H.1997.Numerical Manifold Method and Discontinuous Deformation Analysis. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press).
[76]	宋振云, 陈建刚, 王兴建, 王玲, 王惠生. 2007. 水平井筒机械隔离分段压裂技术. 钻采工艺, 30: 75-77 (Song Z Y, Chen J G, Wang X J, Wang L, Wang H S.2007. Mechanical isolation and staged fracturing techniques in horizontal well bore. Drilling & Production Technology, 30: 75-77).
[77]	宋振云, 苏伟东, 杨延增, 李勇, 李志航, 汪小宇, 李前春, 章东哲, 王玉. 2014. CO$_{2}$干法加砂压裂技术研究与实践. 天然气工业, 34: 55-59 (Song Z Y, Su W D, Yang Y Z, Li Y, Li Z H, Wang X Y, Li Q C, Zhang D Z, Wang Y.2014. Experimental studies of CO$_{2}$/sand dry-frac process. Natural Gas Technology, 34: 55-59).
[78]	隋宏光, 姚军. 2016. 页岩黏土矿物CH$_{4}$/CO$_{2}$吸附规律的分子模拟. 东北石油大学学报. 40: 90-99 (Sui H G, Yao J.2016. Molecular simulation of CH$_{4}$/CO$_{2}$ adsorption in clay minarals. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 40: 90-99).
[79]	孙海, 姚军, 张磊, 王晨晨, 孙致学, 闫永平, 庞鹏. 2014. 基于孔隙结构的页岩渗透率计算方法. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 38: 92-98 (Sun H, Yao J, Zhang L, Wang C C, Sun Z X, Yan Y P, Pang P.2014. A computing method of shale permeability based on pore structures. Journal of China University of Petroleum, 38: 92-98).
[80]	孙海成, 汤达祯, 蒋廷学. 页岩气储层裂缝系统影响产量的数值模拟研究. 石油钻探技术, 2011, 39: 63-67 (Sun H C, Tang D Z, Jiang T X.2011. Numerical simulation of the impact of fracture system on well production in shale formation. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 39: 63-67).
[81]	孙张涛, 吴西顺. 2014. 页岩气开采中的水力压裂与无水压裂技术. 国土资源情报, 5: 51-55 (Sun Z, Wu X S.2014. Review on Hydraulic fracturing and non-aqueous fracturing in shale gas development. Land & Resources Information, 5: 51-55).
[82]	唐杰. 2014. 各向异性岩石的静态模量与动态模量实验研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 1: 3185-3191 (Tang J.2014. Experimental study of static and dynamic moduli for anisotropic rock. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 1: 3185-3191).
[83]	唐颖, 唐玄, 王广源, 张琴. 2011. 页岩气开发水力压裂技术综述. 地质通报, 30: 393-399 (Tang Y, Tang X, Wang G Y, Zhang Q.2011. Summary of hydraulic fracturing technology in shale gas development. Geological Bulletin of China, 30: 393-399).
[84]	唐颖, 邢云, 李乐忠, 张滨海, 蒋时馨. 2012. 页岩储层可压裂性影响因素及评价方法. 地学前缘, 19: 356-363 (Tang Y, Xing Y, Li L Z, Zhang B H, Jiang S X.2012. Influence factors and evaluation methods of the gas shale fracability. Earth Science Frontiers, 19: 356-363).
[85]	王爱国. 2008. 微地震监测与模拟技术在裂缝研究中的应用 . [博士论文]. 北京:中国石油大学 (Wang A G. 2008. Application of micro-seismic monitoring and simulation technology in the research of fracture. [PhD Thesis]. Beijing: China University of Petroleum).
[86]	王安仕, 秦发动. 1998. 高能气体压裂技术. 西安:西北大学出版社 (Wang A S, Qin F D.1998. High Energy Gas Fracturing Technology. Xi'an: Northwestern University Press).
[87]	王华龙, 柴振华, 郭照立. 2009. 致密多孔介质中气体渗流的格子Boltzmann模拟. 计算物理, 26: 389-395 (Wang H L, Cha Z H, Guo Z L.2009. Lattice Boltzmann simulation of gas transfusion in compact porous media, Chinese Journal of Computational Physics, 26: 389-395).
[88]	王建华. 2007. 地震波初至自动拾取算法研究及三分量测井系统软件设计. [博士论文]. 长沙: 中南大学 (Wang J H.2007. The automatic pick of seismic first arrivals and the design of the simulation of three-component logging. [PhD Thesis]. Changsha: Central South University).
[89]	王杰, 李世海, 张青波. 2015. 基于单元破裂的岩石裂纹扩展模拟方法. 力学学报, 47: 105-118 (Wang J, Li S H, Zhang Q B.2015. Simulation of crack propagation of rock based on splitting elements. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 47: 105-118).
[90]	王理想, 李世海, 马照松, 冯春. 2015. 一种中心型有限体积孔隙-裂隙渗流求解方法及其OpenMP并行化. 岩石力学与工程学报, 34: 865-875 (Wang L X, Li S H, Ma Z S, Feng C.2015. A cell-centered finite volume method for fluid flow in fractured porous media and its parallelization with OpenMP. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 34: 865-875).
[91]	王理想, 唐德泓, 李世海, 王杰, 冯春. 2015. 基于混合方法的二维水力压裂数值模拟. 力学学报, 47: 973-983 (Wang L X, Tang D H, Li S H, Wang J, Feng C.2015. Numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing by a mixed method in two dimensions. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 47: 973-983).
[92]	王理想. 2015. 页岩体水力压裂数值模拟方法及机理研究. [博士论文]. 北京: 中国科学院大学 (Wang L X.2015. Numerical simulation and mechanism analysis for hydraulic fracturing of shale. [PhD Thesis]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of sciences).
[93]	王林, 马金良, 苏凤瑞, 王大利. 2012. 北美页岩气工厂化压裂技术. 钻采工艺, 35: 48-50 (Wang L, Ma J L, Su F R, Wang D L.2012. Shale gas factory fracturing technology North America. Drilling & Production Technology, 35: 48-50).
[94]	王倩, 王鹏, 项德贵, 冯宇思. 2012. 页岩力学参数各向异性研究. 天然气工业, 32: 62-65 (Wang Q, Wang P, Xiang D G, Feng Y S.2012. Anisotropic property of mechanical parameters of shales. Natural Gas Industry, 32: 62-65).
[95]	王仁, 殷有泉. 1981. 工程岩体类介质的弹塑性本构关系. 力学学报, 4: 317-325 (Wang R, Yin Y.1981. On the elastoplastic constitutive equation of engineering rock-like materials. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 4: 317-325).
[96]	王瑞, 张宁生, 刘晓娟, 吴新民, 闫健. 2013. 页岩气扩散系数和视渗透率的计算与分析. 西北大学学报: 自然科学版, 43: 75-80 (Wang R, Zhang N S, Liu X J, Wu X M, Yan J.2013. The Calculation and Analysis of Diffusion Coefficient and Apparent Permeability of Shale Gas. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 43: 75-80).
[97]	王涛, 高岳, 柳占立, 王永辉, 杨立峰, 庄茁. 2014. 基于扩展有限元法的水力压裂大物模实验的数值模拟. 清华大学学报(自然科学版), 54: 1304-1309 (Wang T, Gao Y, Liu Z L, Wang Y H, Yang L F, Zhuang Z.2014. Numerical simulations of hydraulic fracturing in large objects using an extended finite element method. J. Tsinghua Univ (Sci & Technol), 54: 1304-1309).
[98]	王勇杰, 王昌杰, 高家碧. 1995. 低渗透多孔介质中气体滑脱行为研究. 石油学报, 16: 101-105 (Wang Y J, Wang C J, Gao J B.1995. A research of gas slip in low permeability porous media. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 16: 101-105).
[99]	王玉普, 左罗, 胡志明, 沈瑞, 熊伟, 高树生. 2015. 页岩高温高压吸附实验及吸附模型研究. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 46: 4129-4135 (Wang Y P, Zuo L, Hu Z M, Shen R, Xiong W, Gao S S.2015. Experiment of supercritical methane adsorption on shale and adsorption modelling. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 46: 4129-4135).
[100]	王祖文, 郭大立, 邓金根, 赵金洲, 曾晓慧. 2005. 射孔方式对压裂压力及裂缝形态的影响. 西南石油学院学报, 27: 47-50 (Wang Z W, Guo D L, Deng J G, Zhao J Z, Zeng X H.2005. The effect of perforation on fracturing pressure and fracture morphology. Journal of Southwest Petroleum Institute, 27: 47-50).
[101]	蔚宝华, 邓金根, 闫伟. 2010. 层理性泥页岩地层井壁坍塌控制方法研究. 石油钻探技术, 38: 56-59 (Wei B, Deng J, Yan W.2010. Borehole sloughing control in shale formations. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 38: 56-59).
[102]	吴奇, 胥云, 刘玉章, 丁云宏, 王晓泉, 王腾飞. 2011. 美国页岩气体积改造技术现状及对我国的启示. 石油钻采工艺, 33: 1-7 (Wu Q, Xu Y, Liu Y Z, Ding Y H, Wang X Q, Wang T F.2011. The current situation of stimulated reservoir volume for shale in U.S. and its inspiration to China. Oil Drilling & Production Technology, 33: 1-7).
[103]	吴有亮. 2007. 复杂构造地区三维微地震监测技术研究及在工程中应用. [博士论文]. 成都: 成都理工大学 (Wu Y L.2007. Research on three dimensional microseismic monitoring technology in hydropower station and its application in Engineering. [PhD Thesis]. Chengdu University of Technology).
[104]	伍藏原, 李汝勇, 张明益, 张明亮, 翟姝玲, 罗敏. 2005. 微地震监测气驱前缘技术在牙哈凝析气田的应用. 天然气地球科学, 16: 390-393 (Wu Z Y, Li N Y, Zhang M Y, Zhai S L, Luo M.2005. The application of micro earthquake monitoring the gas injection advancing edge in the YAHA condensate gas reservoir. Natural Gas Geoscience, 16: 390-393).
[105]	夏克文, 李民乐, 王建国, 侯爱萍, 谢雯晴, 李景卫, 王恩锡. 2012. 水力喷砂射孔分段压裂技术在水平井中的应用. 油气井测试, 21: 38-39 (Xia K W, Li M Y, Wang J G, Hou A P, Xie W Q, Li J W, Wang E X.2012. Application of the technique of hydraulic jet perforation and staged fracturing to horizontal well. Well Testing, 21: 38-39).
[106]	夏庆中, 陈波. 2005. 中子小角散射实验技术. 中国核科技报告 (Xia Q Z, Chen B.2005. Experimental technique of small angle neutron scattering. China Nuclear Science and Technology Report).
[107]	谢和平, 高峰, 鞠杨, 谢凌志, 杨永明, 王俊. 2016.页岩气储层改造的体破裂理论和技术构思. 科学通报 , 61: 36-46 (Xie H P, Gao F, Ju Y, Xie L Z, Yang Y M, Wang J.2016. Novel idea of the theory and application of 3D volume fracturing for stimulation of shale gas reservoirs. Science China Press, 61: 36-46).
[108]	谢平, 侯光东, 韩静静. 2009. CO$_{2}$压裂技术在苏里格气田的应用. 断块油气田, 16: 104-106 (Xie P, Hou G D, Han J J.2009. Application of CO$_{2}$ fracturing technology in Sulige Gas Field. Drilling & Production Technology, 16: 104-106).
[109]	谢晓永, 唐洪明, 王春华, 白蓉, 王自力. 2006. 氮气吸附法和压汞法在测试泥页岩孔径分布中的对比. 天然气工业, 26: 100-102 (Xie X Y, Tang H M, Wang C H, Bai R, Wang Z L.2006. Contrast of nitrogen adsorption method and mercury porosimetry method in analysis of shale pore size distribution. Natural Gas Industry, 26: 100-102).
[110]	邢庆河, 张士诚. 2010. 水平井限流法压裂技术的发展与应用. 天然气工业, 30: 52-54 (Xing Q H, Zhang S C.2010. Development progress and application of the limited-entry fracturing in horizontal wells. Natural Gas Industry, 30: 52-54).
[111]	熊伟, 郭为, 刘洪林, 高树生, 胡志明, 杨发荣. 2012. 页岩的储层特征以及等温吸附特征. 天然气工业, 32: 113-116 (Xiong W, Guo W, Liu H L, Gao S S, Hu Z M, Yang F R. Shale reservoir characteristics and isothermal adsorption properties. Natural Gas Industry, 2012,32: 113-116).
[112]	徐刚. 2013. 井中压裂微地震监测技术方法研究. [硕士论文]. 青岛: 中国石油大学(华东) (Xu G.2013. Borehole fracturing microseismic monitoring technology and method research. [Master Thesis]. Qingdao: China University of Petroleum).
[113]	杨峰, 宁正福, 胡昌蓬, 王波, 彭凯, 刘慧卿. 2013. 页岩储层微观孔隙结构特征.石油学报$,$34: 301-311 (Yang F, Ning Z F, Hu C P, Wang B, Peng K, Liu H Q.2013. Characterization of microscopic pore structures in shale reservoirs. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 34: 301-311).
[114]	杨涛, 杨桦, 王凤江, 谈锦锋, 黎洪珍. 2007. 含CO$_{2}$气井防腐工艺技术. 天然气工业, 27: 116-120 (Yang T, Yang H, Wang F J, Tan J F, Li H Z.2007. Anti-corrosion technology in gas wells with CO$_{2}$. Natural Gas Industry, 27: 116-120).
[115]	杨正明, 张英芝, 郝明强, 刘先贵, 单文文. 2006. 低渗透油田储层综合评价方法. 石油学报, 27: 64-67 (Yang Z M, Zhang Y Z, Hao M Q, Liu X G, Shan W W.2006. Comprehensive evaluation of reservoir in low-permeability oil fields. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 27: 64-67).
[116]	姚军, 孙海, 樊冬艳, 黄朝琴, 孙致学, 张国浩. 2013. 页岩气藏运移机制及数值模拟. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 1: 91-98 (Yao J, Sun H, Fan D Y, Huang Z Q, Sun Z X, Zhang G H.2013. Transport mechanisms and numerical simulation of shale gas reservoirs. J China Univ Petroleum (Ed Nat Sci), 1: 91-98).
[117]	姚军, 孙海, 黄朝琴, 张磊, 曾青冬, 隋宏光, 樊冬艳. 2013. 页岩气藏开发中的关键力学问题. 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学, 43: 1527-1547 (Yao J, Sun H, Huang C Q, Zhang L, Zeng Q D, Sui H G, Fan D Y.2013. Key mechanical problems in the developmentof shale gas reservoirs. Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron, 43: 1527-1547).
[118]	姚军, 王晨晨, 杨永飞, 黄朝琴, 樊冬艳, 孙海. 2013. 碳酸盐岩双孔隙网络模型的构建方法和微观渗流模拟研究. 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学, 43: 896-909 (Yao J, Wang C C, Yang Y F, Huang C Q, Fan D Y, Sun H.2013. The construction method and microscopic flow simulation of carbonate dual pore network model. Scientia Sinica Physica Mechanica & Astronomica, 43: 896-909).
[119]	姚约东, 李相方, 葛家理, 宁正福. 2004. 低渗气层中气体渗流克林贝尔效应的实验研究. 天然气工业, 24: 100-102 (Yao Y D, Li X F, Ge J L, Ning Z F.2004. Experimental study on klingberg effect of gas seepage in low permeability gas reservoir. Natrual Gas Industry, 24: 100-102).
[120]	殷诚, 高世葵, 董大忠, 朱文丽, 王欣蕊. 2015. 页岩气产业发展的影响因素. 天然气工业, 35: 117-125 (Yin C, Gao S K, Dong D Z, Zhu W L, Wang X R.2015. Influencing factors for the development of shale gas industry. Natural Gas Industry, 35: 117-125).
[121]	余同希, 苏先樾, 王晓东. 1992. 弹塑性波的研究现状与趋势. 力学进展, 22: 347-357 (Yu T X, Shu X Y, Wang X D.1992. Present situation and trend of the research on elastic plastic wave. Advances in Mechanics, 22: 347-357).
[122]	张东晓, 杨婷云. 2013. 页岩气开发综述. 石油学报, 34: 792-801 (Zhang D X, Yang T Y.2013. An overview of shale-gas production. Acta Petrolei Sinica. 34: 792-801).
[123]	张繁昌, 李传辉, 印兴耀. 2010. 基于动态匹配子波库的地震数据快速匹配追踪. 石油地球物理勘探, 45: 667-673 (Zhang F C, Li C H, Yin X Y.2010. Seismic data fast matching pursuit based on dynamicmatching wavelet library. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 45: 667-673).
[124]	张海燕, 李庆忠.2007. 几种常用解析子波的特性分析.石油地球物理勘探, 42: 651-657 (Zhang H Y, Li Q Z.2007. Analysis on feature of common analytic wavelets. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 42: 651-657).
[125]	张唤兰, 朱光明, 王云宏. 2013. 基于时窗能量比和AIC的两步法微震初至自动拾取. 物探与化探, 45: 667-673 (Zhang H L, Zhu G M, Wang Y H. 2013. Automatic microseismic event detection and picking method. Geophysical & Geochemical Exploration, 45: 667-673).
[126]	张琴, 刘畅, 梅啸寒, 乔李井宇. 2015. 页岩气储层微观储集空间研究现状及展望. 石油与天然气地质, 36: 146-154 (Zhang Q, Liu CH, Mei X H, Qiao L J Y.2015. Status and prospect of research on microscopic shale gas reservoir space. Oil & Gas Geology, 36: 146-154).
[127]	张山, 刘清林, 赵群, 姜宇东. 2002. 微地震监测技术在油田开发中的应用. 石油物探, 41: 226-231 (Zhang S, Liu Q L, Zhao Q, Jiang Y D.2002. Application of microseismic monitoring technology in development of oil field. Gepphysical Prospecting for Petroleum, 41: 226-231).
[128]	张太春. 2013. 人工微地震技术对压裂井实时监测应用研究. [硕士论文]. 长春: 吉林大学 (Zhang T C.2013. Application of artificial micro seismic technology on fracturing well real-time monitoring. [Master Thesis]. Changchun: Jilin University).
[129]	张晓春, 徐鹏, 程远方. 2009. 爆炸动载压裂模拟试验装置. 中国专利:200910230809,2 (Zhang X C, Xu P, Cheng Y F.2009. Explosive dynamic load fracturing simulation test device. CN: 200910230809,2).
[130]	张旭辉, 鲁晓兵. 2011. 基于孔隙网络模型的微小喉道对岩芯驱油特征的影响分析. 兰州大学学报(自然科学版), 47: 207-213 (Zhang X H, Lu X B.2011. Numerical simulation on influences micro pore throats to oil displacement for low permeable reservoirs based on pore-scale network models. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 47: 207-213).
[131]	赵宝虎, 杨栋, 赵阳升, 胡耀青. 1999. 岩石三维应力控制压裂实验研究. 太原理工大学学报, 30: 571-574 (Zhao B H, Yang D, Zhao Y S, Hu Y Q.1999. Experimental study on three dimensional stress controlled fracturing of rocks. Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology, 30: 571-574).
[132]	赵博雄,王忠仁,刘瑞,雷立群. 2014. 国内外微地震监测技术综述. 地球物理学进展, 4: 1882-1888 (Zhao B X, Wang Z R, Liu R, Lie L Q.2014. Review of microseismic monitoring technology research. Progress in Geophysics, 4: 1882-1888).
[133]	赵金洲, 任岚, 胡永全. 2013. 页岩储层压裂缝成网延伸的受控因素分析. 西南石油大学学报(自然科学版), 35: 1-9 (Zhao J Z, Ren L, Hu Y Q.2013.Controlling factors of hydraulic fractures extending into network in shale formations.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University: Science & Technology Edition, 35: 1-9).
[134]	赵益忠, 曲连忠, 王幸尊, 程远方, 沈海超. 2007. 不同岩性地层水力压裂裂缝扩展规律的模拟实验. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 31: 63-66 (Zhao Y Z, Qu L Z, Wang X Z, Cheng Y F, Shen H C.2007. Simulation experiments of fracture propagation law of hydraulic fracturing in different lithostratigraphy. Journal of China University of Petrolium (Natrual Science Edition), 31: 63-66).
[135]	赵志红, 郭建春. 2011. 层内爆炸压裂岩石破碎颗粒尺寸的预测模型. 爆炸与冲击, 31: 669-672 (Zhao Z H, Guo J C.2011. A size prediction model for rock particles generated by an explosion in fractured rock. Explosion and Shock Waves, 31: 669-672).
[136]	郑莲慧, 单钰铭, 钟敬敏. 2014. 页岩气等温吸附分子动力学特征研究. 科学技术与工程, 14: 1-6 (Zheng L H, Shan Y M, Zhong J M, Yin S.2014. Research of shale gas isotherm adsorption molecular dynamic characteristics. Science Technology and Engineering, 14: 1-6).
[137]	郑伟, 莫修文. 2013. 利用测井资料评价页岩气层含气量的方法//中国地球物理2013––第十九分会场论文集 (Zheng W, Mo X W.2013. Method for evaluating gas content of shale gas reservoir by using logging data//Chinese Geophysics 2013 -- Nineteenth).
[138]	郑委. 2010. CO$_{2}$地质埋存中的逃逸问题研究. [硕士论文]. 北京: 中国科学院力学研究所 (Zheng W.2010. The leakage of after CO$_{2}$ geological sequestration. [Master Thesis]. Beijing: Institute of Mechanics. Chinese Academy of Sciences).
[139]	郑新权, 靳志霞. 2003. CO$_{2}$泡沫压裂优化设计技术及应用. 石油钻采工艺, 25: 53-56 (Zheng X Q, Jin Z X.2003. Optimizing design technology and application of CO$_{2}$ form fracturing. Land & Resources Information, 25: 53-56).
[140]	郑哲敏. 2016. 关于中国页岩气持续开发工程科学研究的一点认识. 科学通报, 61: 34-35 (Zheng Z M.2016.A little understanding of the scientific research on the sustainable development of shale gas in China. Science China Press, 61: 34-35).
[141]	周基阳. 2011. 基于信息量的地震波动初至拾取. [博士论文]. 北京: 华北电力大学 (Zhou J Y.2011. First arrical pickup of seismic waves based on mutual information. [PhD Thesis]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University).
[142]	周理, 李明, 周亚平. 2000. 超临界甲烷在高表面活性炭上的吸附测量及其理论分析. 中国科学(B 辑), 30: 49-56 (Zhou L, Li M, Zhou Y P.2000. Adsorption measurement and theoretical analysis of supercritical methane on high surface activated carbon. Science in China(Series B), 30: 49-56).
[143]	周理, 周亚平. 1996. 关于氢在活性炭上高压吸附特性的实验研究. 中国科学(B辑), 26: 473-479 (Zhou L, Zhou Y P.1996. Experimental study on high pressure adsorption characteristics of Hydrogen on activated carbon, Science in China(Series B), 26: 473-479).
[144]	周银兴. 2009. 微震事件检测及震相自动识别研究. [博士论文]. 北京: 中国地震局地震预测研究所 (Zhou Y X.2009. Research on the micro-earthquake detection and seismic phase automatic identification. [PhD Thesis]. Beijing: China Earthquake Administration: Institute of Earthquake Prediction).
[145]	周忠根. 2006. 由时频分布引导的四参数子空间匹配追踪算法. [硕士论文]. 西安: 西安电子科技大学 (Zhou Z G.2006. Four-parameter subspace matching pursuit algorithm with the help of time-frequency distribution. [Master Thesis]. Xi'an: Xidian University).
[146]	朱华良. 1997. 世界地理概览. 北京: 东方出版中心 (Zhu H L.1997. World Geographic Survey. Beijing: Oriental Publishing Center).
[147]	庄茁, 刘占立, 王涛, 高岳, 王永辉, 付海峰. 2016. 页岩水力压裂的关键力学问题. 科学通报, 61: 72-81 (Zhuang Z, Liu Z L, Wang T, Gao Y, Wang Y H, Fu H F.The key mechanical problems on hydraulic fracture in shale. Science China Press, 61: 72-81).
[148]	庄茁, 柳占立, 成斌斌, 廖剑辉. 2012. 扩展有限单元法. 北京: 清华大学出版社 (Zhuang Z, Liu Z L, Cheng B B, Liao J H.2012.The Extended Finite Element Method. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press).
[149]	庄茁, 柳占立, 王永亮. 2015. 页岩油气高效开发中的基础理论与关键力学问题. 力学季刊, 36: 11-25 (Zhuang Z, Liu Z L, Wang Y L.2015. Fundamental theory and key mechanical problems of shale oil gas effective extraction. Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, 36: 11-25).
[150]	卓仁燕, 张烈辉, 郭晶晶, 马俊修. 2016. 含气页岩渗透率实验. 大庆石油地质与开发, 35: 155-157 (Zhuo R Y, Zhang L H, Guo J J, Ma J X.2016. Experiment on Gas-bearing Shale Permeability. Petroleum Geology and Oilfield Development in Daqing, 35: 155-157).
[151]	邹才能, 董大忠, 王社教, 李建忠, 李新景, 王玉满, 李登华, 程克明. 2010. 中国页岩气形成机理、地质特征及资源潜力. 石油勘探与开发, 37: 6-18 (Zou C N, Dong D Z, Wang S J, Li J Z, Li X J, Wang Y M, Li D H, Cheng K M.2010. Geological charactics, formation mechanism and resource potential of shale gas in China. Petroleum exploration and development, 37: 641-653).
[152]	邹才能, 陶士振, 侯连华. 2011. 非常规油气地质. 北京: 地质出版社 (Zou C N, Tao S Z, Hou L H. 2011. Unconventional Petroleum Geology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House).
[153]	邹才能, 张光亚, 陶士振, 胡素云, 李小地, 李建忠, 董大忠, 朱如凯, 袁选俊, 侯连华, 瞿辉, 赵霞, 贾进华, 高晓辉, 郭秋麟, 王岚, 李新景. 2010. 全球油气勘探领域地质特征, 重大发现及非常规石油地质. 石油勘探与开发, 37: 129-145 (Zou C N, Zhang G Y, Tao S Z, Hu S Y, Li X D, Li J Z, Dong D Z, Zhu R K, Yuan X J, Hou L H, Zhai H, Zhao X, Jia J H, Gao X H, Guo Q L, Wang L, Li X J.2010. Geological features, major discoveries and unconventional petroleum geology in the global petroleum exploration. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 37: 129-145).
[154]	左罗, 王玉普, 郭为, 熊伟, 高树生, 胡志明, 沈瑞. 2015. 简化局部密度理论预测页岩等温吸附曲线. 天然气地球科学, 26: 592-598 (Zuo L, Wang Y P, Guo W, Xiong W, Gao S S, Hu Z M, Shen R.2015. Predicting the sorption isotherm of methane on shale with simplified local-density model. Natural Gas Geoscience, 26: 592-598).
[155]	左罗, 王玉普, 熊伟, 郭为, 高树生, 胡志明, . 2015. 页岩含气量计算新方法. 石油学报, 36: 469-474 (Zuo L, Wang Y P, Xiong W, Guo W, Gao S S, Hu Z M, Shen R.2015. A new method to calculate the shale gas content. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 36: 469-474).
[156]	Abousleiman Y, Tran M, Hoang S.2007. Geomechanics field and laboratory characterization of Woodford Shale: The next gas play//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[157]	Achenbach J D, Koiter W T, Lauwerier H A.1973. Wave propagation in elastic solids. Journal of Applied, 16: 544.
[158]	Adachi J, Siebrits E, Peirce A, Desroches J.2007. Computer simulation of hydraulic fractures. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 44: 739-757.
[159]	Adachi T, Oka F.1995. An elasto-plastic constitutive model for soft rock with strain softening. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 19: 233-247.
[160]	Advani S H, Lee J K.1982. Finite element model simulations associated with hydraulic fracturing. SPE Journal, 22: 209-218.
[161]	Agapito J, Hardy M.1982. Induced horizontal stress method of pillar design in oil shale//Proceedings of 15th Oil Shale Symposium, Colorado School of Mines, Apr, 28-30.
[162]	Al-Busaidi A, Hazzard J F, Young R P.2005. Distinct element modeling of hydraulically fractured Lac du Bonnet granite. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (1978-2012), 110: B06302.
[163]	Alder B J, Wainwright T E.1957. Phase transition for a hard-sphere system. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 27: 1208-1209.
[164]	Aliabadi M H.1997. Boundary element formulations in fracture mechanics. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 50: 83-96.
[165]	Amann F, Button E A, Evans K F, Gischig V S, Blümel M.2011. Experimental study of the brittle behavior of clay shale in rapid unconfined compression. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 44: 415-430.
[166]	Amann F, Kaiser P, Button E A.2012. Experimental study of brittle behavior of clay shale in rapid triaxial compression. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 45: 21-33.
[167]	Ambrose R J, Hartman R C, Campos M D, Akkutlu I Y, Sondergeld C.2012. Shale gas-in-place calculation, Part 1: New pore-scale considerations. SPE Journal, 17: 219-229.
[168]	Anderson D M, Nobakht M, Moghadam S, Mattar L.2010. Analysis of production data from fractured shale gas wells//SPE Unconventional Gas Conference, Pittsburgh, SPE 155684.
[169]	Aranovich G L, Donohue M D.1995. Vapor adsorption on microporous adsorbents. Carbon, 33: 1369-1374.
[170]	Arnold D L.1998. Liquid CO$_{2}$-sand fracturing: "the dry frac". Fuel & Energy Abstracts, 3: 185.
[171]	Arogundade O, Sohrabi M.2012. A review of recent developments and challenges in shale gas recovery//SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition, 8-11 April, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
[172]	Atkinson B K.1987. Fracture Mechanics of Rock. London: Academic Press, 204.
[173]	Bahorich B, Olson J E, Holder J.2012. Examining the effect of cemented natural fractures on hydraulic fracture propagation in hydrostone block experiments//In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 160197: 1-21.
[174]	Baig A, Urbancic T.2010. Microseismic moment tensors: A path to understanding frac growth. The Leading Edge, 29: 320-324.
[175]	Barenblatt G I, Zheltov I P, Kochina I N.1960. Basic concepts in the theory of seepage of homogeneous liquids in fissured rocks. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 24: 852-864.
[176]	Baud P, Schubnel A, Wong T C.2000. Dilatancy, compaction, and failure mode in Solnhofen limestone. J. Geophys. Res, 105: 19289-19303.
[177]	Bazant Z P, Oh B H.1985. Microplane model for progressive fracture of concrete and rock. Journal of Engineering Mechanics-Asce, 111: 559-582.
[178]	Bazant Z P, Planas J.1997. Fracture and Size Effect in Concrete and Other Quasibrittle Materials. Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
[179]	Bazant Z P, Prat P C.1987. Creep of anisotropic clay-new microplane model. Journal of Engineering Mechanics-Asce, 113: 1050-1064.
[180]	Bazant Z P, Prat P C.1988. Microplane model for brittle-plastic material. I. Theory. Journal of Engineering Mechanics-Asce, 114: 1672-1687.
[181]	Bazant Z P.1986. Mechanics of distributed cracking. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 39: 675-705.
[182]	Behnia M, Goshtasbi K, Marji M F, Golshani A.2012. On the crack propagation modeling of hydraulic fracturing by a hybridized displacement discontinuity/boundary collocation method. Journal of Mining and Environment, 2: 1-16.
[183]	Biot M.1941. A general theory of three dimensional consolidation. J Appl Phys, 12: 155-164.
[184]	Biot M.1954. A theory of stress strain relations in anisotropic viscoelasticity and relaxation phenomena. Appl Phys, 25: 1385-1391.
[185]	Blackwood K W, Williamson K, Palisch T T, Chapman M A, Vincent M C.2008. Applying science and best practices to increase production and optimize economics in a west Texas gas field: A canyon sand case study. Society of Petroleum Engineers, doi: 10.2118/117538-MS.
[186]	Blunt M J.1997. Effects of heterogeneity and wetting on relative permeability using pore level modeling. SPE, 2: 70-87.
[187]	Bonnet E, Bour O, Odling N E, Davy P, Main I, Cowie P, Berkowitz B.2001. Scaling of fracture systems in geological media. Reviews of geophysics, 39: 347-383.
[188]	Boone T J, Ingraffea A R.1990. A numerical procedure for simulation of hydraulically-driven fracture propagation in poroelastic media. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 14: 27-47.
[189]	Boone T J, Ingraffea A R.1990. A numerical procedure for simulation of hydraulically-driven fracture propagation in poroelastic media. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 14: 27-47.
[190]	Bowker K A.2007. Barnett shale gas production, fort worth basin: Issues and discussion. AAPG Bulletin, 91: 523-533.
[191]	Brace W F, Walsh J B, Frangos W T.1968. Permeability of granite under high pressure. Journal of Geophysical Research, 73: 2225-2236.
[192]	Brenne S, Alber M.2012. Interpretation of laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments with emphasis on acoustic emissions//In ISRM International Symposium-EUROCK 2012, International Society for Rock Mechanics.
[193]	Brian B.1995. Analysis of fracture network connectivity using percolation theory. Mathematical Geology, 27: 467-483.
[194]	Broadbent S R, Hammersley J M.1957. Percolation processes. I: Crystals and mazes. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 53: 629-641.
[195]	Broek D.1982. Elementary Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Springer Science and Business Media.
[196]	Budiansky B, O'Connell R J.1976. Elastic moduli of a cracked solid. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 12: 81-97.
[197]	Budiansky B.1965. On the elastic moduli of some heterogeneous materials. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 13: 223-227.
[198]	Bunger A P, Detournay E.2008. Experimental validation of the tip asymptotics for a fluid-driven crack. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 56: 3101-3115.
[199]	Bybee K.2015. Evaluating stimulation effectiveness in unconventional gas reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 62: 66-69.
[200]	Cai C F, Li H T, Qin M K, Luo X R,Wang F Y,Ou G X.2007. Biogenic and petroleum-related ore-forming processes in Dongsheng uranium deposit NW China. Ore Geology Reviews. 32: 262-274.
[201]	Carrier B, Granet S.2012. Numerical modeling of hydraulic fracture problem in permeable medium using cohesive zone model. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 79: 312-328.
[202]	Carrier B, Granet S.2012. Numerical modeling of hydraulic fracture problem in permeable medium using cohesive zone model. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 79: 312-328.
[203]	Carter B J, Desroches J, Ingraffea A R, Wawrzynek P A.2000. Simulating fully 3D hydraulic fracturing. Modeling in Geomechanics, 200: 525-557.
[204]	Carter E.1957. Optimum Fluid Characteristics for Fracture Extension. Howard G, Fast C. Drilling and Production Practices. Tulsa: American Petroleum Institute. 261-270
[205]	Centeno L M, Eve R, Owen D R J, Eduardo A D S N.2010. Modelling of hydro-fracture flow in porous media. Engineering Computations, 27: 129-154.
[206]	Chaboche J L.1988a. Continuum damage mechanics: Part I–General concepts. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 55: 59-64.
[207]	Chaboche J L.1988b. Continuum damage mechanics: Part II–Damage growth, crack initiation, and crack growth. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 55: 65-72.
[208]	Chakraborty A, Okaya D.1995. Frequency-time decomposition of seismic data using wavelet-based methods. Geophysics, 60: 1906-1916.
[209]	Chang J C, Yortsos Y C.1990. Pressure-transient analysis of fractal reservoirs. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, 5: 31-38.
[210]	Chareonsuppanimit P, Mohammad S A, Robinson Jr R L, et al.2012. High-pressure adsorption of gases on shales: Measurements and modeling. International Journal of Coal Geology, 95: 34-46.
[211]	Chatzis I, Dullien F A L.1983. Dynamic immiscible displacement mechanisms in pore doublets: Theory versus experiment. Colloid Interface Science, 91: 199-222.
[212]	Chen L, Fang W Z, Kang Q J, Hyman J D, Viswanathan H S, Tao W Q.2015. Generalized lattice Boltzmenn model for flow through tight porous media with Klinkenberg's effect. Physical Review E, 033004.
[213]	Chen Z, Bunger A P, Zhang X, Jeffrey R G.2009. Cohesive zone finite element-based modeling of hydraulic fractures. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, 22: 443-452.
[214]	Chen Z.2012. Finite element modelling of viscosity-dominated hydraulic fractures. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 88: 136-144.
[215]	Chen Z.2013. An ABAQUS implementation of the XFEM for hydraulic fracture problems. Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing, 725-739.
[216]	Chenevert M E.1970. Shale Control with Balanced-Activity Oil-Continuous Muds .SPE Paper 2599-PA.
[217]	Cheng L, Ribatski G, Thome J R.2008. Analysis of supercritical CO$_{2}$ cooling in macro- and micro-channels. International Journal of Refrigeration, 31: 1301-1316.
[218]	Chitrala Y, Moreno C, Sondergeld C, Rai C.2011. Microseismic and microscopic analysis of laboratory induced hydraulic fractures//Canadian Unconventional Resources Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 147321: 1-19.
[219]	Chong K P, Smith J W, Borgman E S.1982. Tensile strengths of Colorado and Utah oil shales. Journal of Energy, 6: 81-85.
[220]	Chouet B.1986. Dynamics of a fluid-driven crack in three dimensions by the finite difference method. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 91: 13967-13992.
[221]	Cipolla C L, Lolon E, Erdle J, Tathed V S.2009. Modeling well performance in shale-gas reservoirs//SPE/ EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference, Abu Dhabi, UAE. SPE 125532.
[222]	Cipolla C L, Mack M G, Maxwell S C.2010a. Reducing exploration and appraisal risk in low permeability reservoirs using microseismic fracture mapping. Society of Petroleum Engineers, doi: 10.2118/137437-MS.
[223]	Cipolla C L, Mack M G, Maxwell S C.2010b. Reducing exploration and appraisal risk in low permeability reservoirs using microseismic fracture mapping-Part 2. Society of Petroleum Engineers, doi: 10.2118/138103-MS.
[224]	Cipolla C L, Maxwell S C, Mack M G, Downie R C.2012. A practical guide to interpreting microseismic measurements//SPE/EAGE European Unconventional Resources Conference & Exhibition-From Potential to Production.
[225]	Cipolla C, Weng X, Mack M, Ganguly U, Gu H, Kresse O.2012. Integrating microseismic mapping and complex fracture modeling to characterize fracture complexity//SPE/EAGE European Unconventional Resources Conference & Exhibition-From Potential to Production.
[226]	Cipolla.2009. Modeling Well Performance in Shale-Gas Reservoirs//SPE, 125532.
[227]	Clarkson C, Haghshenas B.2013. Modeling of supercritical fluid adsorption on organic-rich shales and coal//SPE Unconventional Resources Conference-USA.
[228]	Clarkson C, Wood J, Burgis S, et al.2012. Nanopore structure analysis and permeability predictions for a tight gas/shale reservoir using low-pressure adsorption and mercury intrusion techniques//SPE Americas Unconventional Resources Conference.
[229]	Closmann P, Bradley W.1979. The effect of temperature on tensile and compressive strengths and Young's modulus of oil shale. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, 19: }301-312.
[230]	Crouch SL, Starfield AM.1990. Boundary Element Methods in Solid Mechanics. London: Unwin and Hyman.
[231]	Cundall P A, Strack O D.1979. A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies. Géotechnique, 29: 47-65.
[232]	Cundall P A.1971. A computer model for simulating progressive large scale movements in blocky rock systems//Proc. Symp. Rock Fracture (ISRM), Nancy.
[233]	Curtis J B.2002. Fractured shale-gas systems. AAPG Bulletin, 86: 1921-1938.
[234]	Curtis M E, Ambrose R J, Sondergeld C H, Rai C S.2010. Structural characterization of gas shales on the micro- and nano-scales//Society of Petroleum Engineers– Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference 2010, 3: 1933.
[235]	Curtis M, Ambrose R, Sondergeld C, et al.2011. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy investigation of pore connectivity of gas shales on the nanoscale//North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition.
[236]	Dahi-Taleghani A, Olson J E, 2011. Numerical modeling of multistranded hydraulic fracture propagation: accounting for the interaction between induced and natural fractures. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, 16: 575-581.
[237]	%Dahi-Taleghani A, Olson J E.2011. Numerical modeling of %multistranded-hydraulic-fracture propagation: Accounting for the %interaction between induced and natural fractures. SPE %Journal, 16: 575-581.
[238]	Dahi-Taleghani A, Olson, J E, 2014. How natural fractures could affect hydraulic fracture geometry. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, 19: 161-171.
[239]	Dahi-Taleghani A.2009. Analysis of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Fractured Reservoirs: an Improved Model for the Interaction between Induced and Natural Fractures. Austin: University of Texas.
[240]	Dahi-Taleghani A.2010. Fracture re-initiation as a possible branching mechanism during hydraulic fracturing//Proceedings of 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium and 5th US-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium.
[241]	Damjanac B, Gil I, Pierce M, Sanchez M, As A V, Mclennan J.2010. A new approach to hydraulic fracturing modeling in naturally fractured reservoirs//Proceedings of the 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. ARMA 10-400, 908-914.
[242]	Dang C, Hihara E.2004. In-tube cooling heat transfer of supercritical carbon dioxide. Part 1. Experimental measurement. International Journal of Refrigeration, 27: 736-747.
[243]	Daniels J L, Waters G A, Le Calvez J H, Bentley D, Lassek J T.2007. Contacting more of the barnett shale through an integration of real-time microseismic monitoring, petrophysics, and hydraulic fracture design//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[244]	Dardis O, McClosekey J.1998. Lattice Boltzmann scheme with real numbered solid density for the simulation of flow in porous media. Physical Review E, 57: 4834-4837.
[245]	Darrah T H, Vengosh A, Jackson R B, Warner N R, Poreda R J.2014. Noble gases identify the mechanisms of fugitive gas contamination in drinking-water wells overlying the Marcellus and Barnett Shales//Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111: 14076-81.
[246]	Das I, Zoback M D.2011. Long-period, long-duration seismic events during hydraulic fracture stimulation of a shale gas reservoir. The Leading Edge, 30: 778-786.
[247]	Das I, Zoback M D.2013a. Long-period, long-duration seismic events during hydraulic stimulation of shale and tight-gas reservoirs – Part 1: Waveform characteristics. Geophysics, 78, KS107-KS118.
[248]	Das I, Zoback M D.2013b. Long-period long-duration seismic events during hydraulic stimulation of shale and tight-gas reservoirs – Part 2: Location and mechanisms. Geophysics, 78, KS97-KS105.
[249]	Daubechies I.1988. Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 41: 909-996.
[250]	De Pater C J, Cleary M P, Quinn T S, Barr D T, Johnson D E, Weijers L.1994. Experimental verification of dimensional analysis for hydraulic fracturing. SPE Production & Facilities, 9: 230-238.
[251]	Del Pezzo E, La Rocca M, Ibanez J.1997. Observations of high-frequency scattered waves using dense arrays at Teide volcano. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 87: 1637-1647.
[252]	Deng S, Li H, Ma G, Huang H, Li X.2014. Simulation of shale-proppant interaction in hydraulic fracturing by the discrete element method. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 70: 219-228.
[253]	Detournay E, Cheng A.1993. Comprehensive Rock Engineering. London: Pergamon Press. 2: 113-171.
[254]	Devloo P R B, Fernandes P D, Gomes S, Nia M, Damas R G.2006. A finite element model for three dimensional hydraulic fracturing. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 73: 142-155.
[255]	Dixit A B, McDougall S R, Sorbie K S.1998. A pore-level investigation of relative permeability hysteresis in water-wet systems. SPE Journal, 3:115-123.
[256]	Dong C Y, de Pater C J.2001. Numerical implementation of displacement discontinuity method and its application in hydraulic fracturing. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 191: 745-760.
[257]	Dordain L, Coxam J Y, Quint J R, Grolier J P E, Lemmon E W, Penoncello S G.1995. Isobaric heat capacities of carbon dioxide and argon between 323 and 423K and at pressures up to 25MPa. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 8: 228-235.
[258]	Douma H, Snieder R.2006. Correcting for bias due to noise in coda wave interferometry. Geophysical Journal International, 164: 99-108.
[259]	Dresen G, Stanchits S, Rybacki E.2010. Borehole breakout evolution through acoustic emission location analysis. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 47: 426-435.
[260]	Dubinin M M, Astakhov V A.1971. Development of the concepts of volume filling of microporous in the adsorption of gases and vapors by microporous adsorbents. Physical Chemistry, 1: 5-11.
[261]	Dubinin M M.1966. Chemistry and Physics of Carbon. New York: Marcel Dekker.
[262]	Dubinin M M.1968. Porous structure of adsorbents and catalysts. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2: 218-234.
[263]	Dverstorp B, Andersson J, Nordqvist W.1992. Discrete fracture network interpretation of field tracer migration in sparsely fractured rock. Water Resources Research, 28: 2327-2343.
[264]	Dverstorp B, Andersson J.1989. Application of the discrete fracture network concept with field data: Possibilities of model calibration and validation. Water Resources Research, 25: 540-550.
[265]	East L, Soliman M Y, Augustine J R.2011. Methods for enhancing far-field complexity in fracturing operations. SPE Production & Operations, 26: 81-84.
[266]	Elgmati M.2011. Shale gas rock characterization and 3D submircron pore network reconstruction. [Master Thesis]. Rolla: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
[267]	Ertekin King G R, Schwerer F C.1986. Dynamic gas slippage: A unique dual-mechanism approach to the flow of gas in tight formations. Spe Formation Evaluation,1: 43-52.
[268]	Eseme E, Urai J, Krooss B, Littke R.2007. Review of mechanical properties of oil shales: Implications for exploitation and basin modelling. Oil Shale, 24: 159-174.
[269]	Eshelby J D.1957. The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion, and related problems//Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, The Royal Society, 376-396.
[270]	Fatt I.1956. The network model of porous media, I. Capillary pressure characteristics. Trans. AIME, 207: 144-159.
[271]	Fatt I.1956. The Network model of porous media, II. Dynamic properties of a single size tube network. Trans. AIME, 207: 160-177.
[272]	Feng X Q, Li J Y, Yu S W.2003. A simple method for calculating interaction of numerous microcracks and its applications. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 40: 447-464.
[273]	Fisher M K, Reiss L H, Jourdan A P.1984. The reservoir engineering aspects of horizontal drilling. SPE Production & Facilities, 20: 85-93.
[274]	Frankel A.1991. Observations of Loma Prieta aftershocks from a dense array in Sunnyvale, California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 81: 1900-1922.
[275]	Fredd C N, McConnell S B, Boney C L, England K W.2001. Experimental study of fracture conductivity for water-fracturing and conventional fracturing applications. SPE Journal, 6: 288-298.
[276]	Freeman D L, Bush D C.1983. Low-permeability laboratory measurements by nonsteady-state and conventional methods. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,23: 928-936.
[277]	Freeman E R, Abel J C, Kim C M, Heinrich C C.1983. A Stimulation Technique Using Only Nitrogen. Soc. Pet. Eng. AIME, Pap (United States), 35: 2165-2174.
[278]	Fries T P, Markus S, Nikolai W.2014. XFEM-simulation of hydraulic fracturing in 3D with emphasis on stress intensity factors//11th World Congress on Computational Mechanics. Barcelona, Spain.
[279]	Fu P, Johnson S M, Carrigan C R.2013. An explicitly coupled hydro-geomechanical model for simulating hydraulic fracturing in arbitrary discrete fracture networks. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 37: 2278-2300.
[280]	Gale J F W, Laubach S E, Olson J E, Eichhubl P, Fall A.2014. Natural fractures in shale: A review and new observations. AAPG Bulletin, 98: 2165-2216.
[281]	Gale J F W, Reed R M, Holder J.2007. Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale and their importance for hydraulic fracture treatments. AAPG Bulletin, 91: 603-622.
[282]	Gale J F, Holder J.2008. Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale: Constraints on spatial organization and tensile strength with implications for hydraulic fracture treatment in shale-gas reservoirs//The 42nd US Rock Mechanics Symposium (USRMS), American Rock Mechanics Association.
[283]	Garagash D I, Detournay E, Adachi J I.2011. Multiscale tip asymptotics in hydraulic fracture with leak-off. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 669: 260-297.
[284]	Gasparik M.,Y.gensterblum,A.ghanizadeh.2015. High-pressure high-temperature methane sorption measurements on carbonaceous shales by the manometric method experimental and data evaluation considerations for improved accuracy. SPE Journal, 1: 1-12.
[285]	Geertsma J, de Klerk F.1969. A Rapid Method of Predicting Width and Extent of Hydraulic Induced Fractures. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 21: 1571-1581.
[286]	Gensterblum Y, Ghanizadeh A, Robert C J, et al.2015. Gas transport and storage capacity in shale gas reservoirs - A review. Part A: Transport processes. Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, 12: 87-122.
[287]	Ghanizadeh A.2014. A systematic review of reboxetine for treating patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 75: 1-8.
[288]	Gholami A, Rahman S S, Natarajan S.2013. Simulation of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation Using XFEM. Sustainable Earth Sciences.
[289]	Gidley J L, Holditch S A, Nierode D E.1989. Two-dimensional fracture-propagation models//Gidley J L. Recent Advances in Hydraulic Fracturing. Richardson, Texas: Monograph Series, SPE.
[290]	Giger F M, Wright C A, Davidson B M.2005. Integrating fracture mapping technologies to improve stimulations in the Barnett shale//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, SPE 13024.
[291]	Giordano S, Colombo L.2007. Effects of the orientational distribution of cracks in isotropic solids. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 74: 1983-2003.
[292]	Giordano S, Colombo L.2007. Effects of the orientational distribution of cracks in solids. Physical Review Letters, 98: 055503.
[293]	Godec M L, Jonsson H, Basava-Reddi L.2013. Potential global implications of gas production from shales and coal for geological CO$_{2}$ storage. Energy Procedia, 37: 6656-6666.
[294]	Godec M, Koperna G, Petrusak R, Oudinot A.2013. Assessment of factors influencing CO$_{2}$ storage capacity and injectivity in Eastern U.S. gas shales. Energy Procedia, 37: 6644-6655.
[295]	Goodman R E.1989. Introduction to Rock Mechanics. Hoboken: Wiley.
[296]	Gordeliy E, Detournay E.2011. A fixed grid algorithm for simulating the propagation of a shallow hydraulic fracture with a fluid lag. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 35: 602-629.
[297]	Gordeliy E, Peirce A.2013. Coupling schemes for modeling hydraulic fracture propagation using the XFEM. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 253: 305-322.
[298]	Goupillaud P, Grossmann A, Morlet J.1984. Cycle-octave and related transforms in seismic signal analysis. Geoexploration, 23: 85-102.
[299]	Grassl P, Fahy C, Gallipoli D, Wheeler S J, 2015. On a 2D hydro-mechanical lattice approach for modelling hydraulic fracture. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 75: 104-118.
[300]	Grieser W, Shelley R, Johnson B, Fielder E, Heinze J, Werline, J.2008. Data analysis of Barnett Shale completions. SPE Journal, 13: 366-374.
[301]	Griffith A A.1921. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London-Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character, 163-198.
[302]	Grochau M, Campos E, Nadri D, Muller T, Clennell B, Gurevich B.2010. Sedimentary cyclicity from X-ray CT images in campos basin, offshore Brazil. Leading Edge, 29: 808-813.
[303]	Groenenboom J, Falk J.2000. Scattering by hydraulic fractures: Finite-difference modeling and laboratory data. Geophysics, 65: 612-622.
[304]	Groenenboom J, van Dam D B, de Pater C J.2001. Time-lapse ultrasonic measurements of laboratory hydraulic-fracture growth: tip behavior and width profile. SPE Journal, 6: 14-24.
[305]	Gu H, Weng X.2010. Criterion for fractures crossing frictional interfaces at non-orthogonal angles//44th US Rock Mechnaics Symposium and 5th US-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium, Salt Lake City, Utah.
[306]	Guo J, Zhao X, Zhu H, Zhang X, Pan R.2015. Numerical simulation of interaction of hydraulic fracture and natural fracture based on the cohesive zone finite element method. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 25: 180-188.
[307]	Gupta A P, Gupta A, Langlinais J.2005. Feasibility of supercritical carbon dioxide as a drilling fluid for deep underbalanced drilling operation//SPE96992, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Dallas, Texas USA.
[308]	Gupta D V S, Bobier D M.1998. The history and success of liquid CO$_{2}$ and CO$_{2}$/N$_{2}$ fracturing system//SPE 40016, SPE Gas Technology Symposium, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
[309]	Hamidi F, Mortazavi A.2014. A new three dimensional approach to numerically model hydraulic fracturing process. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 124: 451-467.
[310]	Harpalani S, Chen G.1995. Estimation of changes in fracture porosity of coal with gas emission. Fuel, 74: 1491-1498.
[311]	Harpalani S, Ouyang S.1996. A new laboratory technique to estimate gas diffusion characteristics of naturally fractured reservoirs//2nd North American Rock Mechanics Symposium, American Rock Mechanics Association.
[312]	Harris P C, Klebenow D E, Kundert P D.1991. Constant-internal-phase design improves stimulation results. SPE Production Engineering, 6:15-19.
[313]	Hashin Z, Shtrikman S.1963. A variational approach to the theory of the elastic behaviour of multiphase materials. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 11: 127-140.
[314]	Hashin Z.1962. The elastic moduli of heterogeneous materials. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 29: 143-150.
[315]	Hashin Z.1988. The differential scheme and its application to cracked materials. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 36: 719-734.
[316]	Heller R, Zoback M.2014. Adsorption of methane and carbon dioxide on gas shale and pure mineral samples. Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, 8: 14-24.
[317]	Hildenbrand A, Krooss B M, Busch A, Gaschnitz R.2006, Evolution of methane absorption capacity of coal seams as a function of burial history-a case study from the Campine Basin, NE Belgium. International Journal of coal geology, 66: 179-203.
[318]	Hill R.1963. Elastic properties of reinforced solids: some theoretical principles. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 11: 357-372.
[319]	Hoek E, Bieniawski Z T.1965. Brittle fracture propagation in rock under compression. International Journal of Fracture Mechanics, 1: 137-155.
[320]	Hoek E.1990. Estimating Mohr-Coulomb friction and cohesion values from the Hoek-Brown failure criterion. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts, 27: 227-229.
[321]	Hoenig A.1979. Elastic moduli of a non-randomly cracked body. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 15: 137-154.
[322]	Holt R M, Fjaer E, Nes O M, Alassi H T.2011. A Shaly Look At Brittleness//45th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, 26-29 June, San Francisco, California. American Rock Mechanics Association.
[323]	Holt R M, Fj&r E, Stenebraten J F, Nes O M.2015. Brittleness of shales: Relevance to borehole collapse and hydraulic fracturing. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 131: 200-209.
[324]	Holzer L, Indutnyi F, Gasser PH, Munch B,Wegman M.2004. Three-dimensional analysis of porous BaTiO$_{3}$ ceramics using FIB nanotomography. Journal of Microscopy,216: 84-95.
[325]	Hornby B E, Schwartz L M, Hudson J A.1994. Anisotropic effective-medium modeling of the elastic properties of shales. Geophysics, 59: 1570-1583.
[326]	Horsrud P.2001. Estimating mechanical properties of shale from empirical correlations. SPE Drilling & Completion, 16: 68-73.
[327]	Hossain M M, Rahman M K, Rahman S S.2000. Hydraulic fracture initiation and propagation: Roles of wellbore trajectory, perforation and stress regimes. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 27: 129-149.
[328]	Hossain M M, Rahman M K.2008. Numerical simulation of complex fracture growth during tight reservoir stimulation by hydraulic fracturing. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 60: 86-104.
[329]	Huai X L, Koyama S, Zhao T S.2005. An experimental study of flow and heat transfer of supercritical carbon dioxide in multi-port mini channels under cooling conditions. Chemical Engineering Science, 60: 3337-3345.
[330]	Huai X, Koyama S.2007. Heat transfer characteristics of supercritical CO$_{2}$ flow in small-channeled structures. Experimental Heat Transfer, 20: 19-33.
[331]	Huang K, Zhang Z, Ghassemi A.2013. Modeling three-dimensional hydraulic fracture propagation using virtual multidimensional internal bonds. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 37: 2021-2038.
[332]	Huang M, del Castillo P E R D, Li Z.2006. Edge dislocation dipole emission from a blunt crack tip and its morphological effects. Scripta Materialia, 54: 649-653.
[333]	Huang Y, Chandra A, Jiang Z Q, Wei X, Hu K X.1996. The numerical calculation of two-dimensional effective moduli for microcracked solids. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 33: 1575-1586.
[334]	Huang Y, Hu K, Chandra A.1994. A generalized self-consistent mechanics method for microcracked solids. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 42: 1273-1291.
[335]	Hudson J A.1981. Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks. Geophysical Journal International, 64: 133-150
[336]	Hunsweck M J, Shen Y, Lew A J.2013. A finite element approach to the simulation of hydraulic fractures with lag. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 37: 993-1015.
[337]	Hunt J C R, Kevlahan N K R, Vassilicos J C, Farge M.1993. Wavelets, fractals and Fourier transforms: Detection and analysis of structure. Wavelets, Fractals, and Fourier Transforms: 1-38.
[338]	Ibanez W D, Kronenberg A K.1993. Experimental deformation of shale: Mechanical properties and microstructural indicators of mechanisms. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts. 30: 723-734.
[339]	Irwin G R.1968. Linear fracture mechanics, fracture transition, and fracture control. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 1: 241-257.
[340]	Ishida T, Aoyagi K, Niwa T, Chen Y, Murata S.2012. Acoustic emission monitoring of hydraulic fracturing laboratory experiment with supercritical and liquid CO$_{2}$. Geophysical Research Letters, 39: 1-6.
[341]	Islam M A, Skalle P.2013. An experimental investigation of shale mechanical properties through drained and undrained test mechanisms. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 46: 1391-1413.
[342]	Jaeger J C, Cook N G W, Zimmerman R.1979. Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics. New Jersey: Blackwell.
[343]	Jarvie D M, Hill R J, Ruble T E, Pollastro R M.2007. Unconventional shale-gas systems: The Mississippian Barnett Shale of north-central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas assessment. AAPG Bulletin, 91: 475-499.
[344]	Javadpour F, 2009. Nanopores and apparent permeability of gas flow in mudrocks (shales and siltstone). Journal of Canadian Petroleum, 48: 16-21.
[345]	Jaycock M J, Parfitt G D.1981. Chemistry of Interfaces. New York: John Wiley.
[346]	Jin C, Salviato M, Li W, Cusatis G.2016. Elastic microplane formulation for transversely isotropic materials. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 84: 011001.
[347]	Johnson E, Cleary M P.1991. Implications of recent laboratory experimental results for hydraulic fractures. In Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 21846: 413-428.
[348]	Josh M, Esteban L, Piane C D, et al.2012. Laboratory characterisation of shale properties. Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering, 88-89: 107-124.
[349]	Jurkevics A.1988. Polarization analysis of three-component array data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 78: 1725-1743.
[350]	Kachanov M, Tsukrov I, Shafiro B.1994. Effective moduli of solids with cavities of various shapes. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 47: 151-174.
[351]	Kachanov M.1987. Elastic solids with many cracks: A simple method of analysis. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 23: 23-43.
[352]	Kanamori H, Anderson D L.1975. Theoretical basis of some empirical relations in seismology. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65: 1073-1095.
[353]	Kanamori H, Hanks T C.1979. A moment magnitude scale. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84: 2348-2349.
[354]	Kanamori H, Rivera L.2006. Energy partitioning during an earthquake. Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting, 3-13.
[355]	Kanasewich E R.1981. Time Sequence Analysis in Geophysics. {Alberta}: University of Alberta.
[356]	Kaneko K, Murata K.1997. An analytical method of micropore filling of a supercritical gas. Adsorption, 3: 197-208.
[357]	Kao H, Shan S J.2004. The source-scanning algorithm: Mapping the distribution of seismic sources in time and space. Geophysical Journal International, 157: 589-594.
[358]	Keller J U, Dreisbach F, Rave H, et al.1999. Measurement of gas mixture adsorption equilibria of natural gas compounds on microporous sorbents. Adsorption-journal of the International Adsorption Society, 5: 199-214.
[359]	Keller M E.2011. Leveraging Experience to Make the Extraordinary Ordinary: Hydraulic Fracturing Tight Gas under HPHT Conditions.
[360]	Kettel A A, Daniels J L, Heinze J R, Waters G.2006. A field study optimizing completion strategies for fracture initiation in Barnett shale horizontal wells//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 23: 373-378.
[361]	Khoei A R, Haghighat E.2011. Extended finite element modeling of deformable porous media with arbitrary interfaces. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 35: 5426-5441.
[362]	Khoei A R, Moallemi S, Haghighat E.2012. Thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of impermeable discontinuity in saturated porous media with X-FEM technique. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 96: 701-723.
[363]	Khristianovich S A, Zheltov Y P.1955. Formation of Vertical Fractures by Means of Highly Viscous Liquid// Proceedings of the Fourth World Petroleum Congress, Rome, 2: 579-586.
[364]	Kolle J J, Marvin M H.2000. Jet Assisted Drilling with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Washington: Tempress Technologies Inc.
[365]	Kolle J J.2000. Coiled-tubing drilling with supercritical carbon dioxide. SPE, 65534.
[366]	Koplik J.1981. On the effective medium theory of random linear networks. Solid State Physics, 14: 4821-4837.
[367]	Krajcinovic D, Fonseka G U.1981. The continuous damage theory of brittle materials, Part 1: General theory. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 48: 809-815.
[368]	Kresse O, Weng X, Gu H, Wu R.2013. Numerical modeling of hydraulic fractures interaction in complex naturally fractured formations. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 46: 555-568.
[369]	Krooss B M, Leythaeuser D.1987. Experimental measurements of the diffusion parameters of light hydrocarbons in water-saturated sedimentary rocks–II. Results and geochemical significance. Organic Geochemistry. Organic Geochemistry,11: 193-199.
[370]	Kuang G, Ohadi M M, Zhao Y.2004. Experimental study on gas cooling heat transfer for supercritical CO$_{2}$ in microchannels//The Second International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, Rochester, New York, USA, 325-332.
[371]	Kuila U, Dewhurst D N, Siggins A F, Raven M D.2011. Stress anisotropy and velocity anisotropy in low porosity shale. Tectonophysics, 503: 34-44.
[372]	Kummerow J.2010. Using the value of the crosscorrelation coefficient to locate microseismic events. Geophysics, 75: MA47-MA52.
[373]	Kushch V I, Sevostianov I, Mishnaevsky L.2009. Effect of crack orientation statistics on effective stiffness of mircocracked solid. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 46: 1574-1588.
[374]	La Rocca M, McCausland W, Galluzzo D, Malone S, Saccorotti G, Pezzo E D.2005. Array measurements of deep tremor signals in the Cascadia subduction zone. Geophysical Research Letters, 32.
[375]	Lecampion B, Desroches J.2015. Simultaneous initiation and growth of multiple radial hydraulic fractures from a horizontal wellbore. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 82: 235-258.
[376]	Lecampion B.2009. An extended finite element method for hydraulic fracture problems. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering, 25: 121-133.
[377]	Lecampion B.2009. An extended finite element method for hydraulic fracture problems. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, 25: 121-133.
[378]	Lee J K.1990. Three-dimensional modeling of hydraulic fractures in layered media: Part I–Finite element formulations. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 112: 1-9.
[379]	Lemaitre J.1985. A Continuous Damage Mechanics Model for Ductile Fracture. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, 107: 83-89.
[380]	Lemaitre J.1985. Coupled elasto-plasticity and damage constitutive equations. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 51: 31-49.
[381]	Lemmon E W, Huber M L, McLinden M O.2010. NIST Standard Reference Database 23, Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties (REFPROP), version 9.0. Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
[382]	Li L C, Li G, Wang S Y, Liang Z Z, Zhang Y B.2012. Numerical simulation of 3D hydraulic fracturing based on an improved flow-stress-damage model and a parallel FEM technique. Rock Mechanics and rock engineering, 45: 801-818.
[383]	Li S H, Chun F.2008. Continuum-based discrete element method and its applications//DEM08, Beijing.
[384]	Li S H, Zhou D.2013. Progressive failure constitutive model of fracture plane in geomaterial based on strain strength distribution. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 50: 570-577.
[385]	Li W, Rezakhani R, Jin C., Zhou X, Cusatis G.2017. A multiscale framework for the simulation of the anisotropic mechanical behavior of shale. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 41: 1494-1522.
[386]	Liao S M, Zhao T S.2002. Measurement of heat transfer coefficient from supercritical carbon dioxide flowing in horizontal mini/micro channels. Journal of Heat Transfer, 124: 413-420.
[387]	Liu F, Ellett K, Xiao Y, Rupp J A.2013. Assessing the feasibility of CO$_{2}$ storage in the New Albany shale (devonian-mississippian) with potential enhanced gas recovery using reservoir simulation. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 17: 111-126.
[388]	Liu J, Marfurt K J.2005. Matching pursuit decomposition using Morlet wavelets. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, 24: 786-789.
[389]	Liu J, Wu Y, Han D, Li X.2004. Time-Frequency decomposition based on Ricker wavelet. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, 23: 1937-1940.
[390]	Liu J.2006. Spectral decomposition and its application in mapping stratigrphy and hydrocarbons. [PhD Thesis]. Houston: The Faculty of the Department of Geosciences University of Houston.
[391]	Liu Z, Sun Z.2015. New brittleness indexes and their application in shale/clay gas reservoir prediction. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 42: 129-137.
[392]	Lo T W, Coyner K B, Toks?z M N.1986. Experimental determination of elastic anisotropy of Berea sandstone, Chicopee shale, and Chelmsford granite. Geophysics, 51: 164-171.
[393]	Lomov I N, Antoun T H, Glenn L A.2002. Explosion in the Granite field: Hardening and softening behavior in rocks//AIP Conference Proceedings. 620: 1389-1392.
[394]	Long J C S, Remer J S, Wilson C R, Witherspoon P A.1982. Porous media equivalents for networks of discontinuous fractures. Water Resources Research, 18: 645-658.
[395]	Loucks R G, Reed R M, Ruppel S C, et al.2012. Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix-related mudrock pores. AAPG Bulletin, 96: 1071-1098.
[396]	Lu X C, Li F C, Watson A T.1995. Adsorption measurements in Devonian shales. Fuel, 74: 599-603.
[397]	Lu X C, Li F C, Watson A T.1995. Adsorption studies of natural gas storage in Devonian shales. SPE Formation Evaluation, 10: 109-113.
[398]	Lubarda V A, Krajcinovic D.1993. Damage tensors and the crack density distribution. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 30: 2859-2877.
[399]	Lubliner J, Oliver J, Oller S, O?ate E.1989. A plastic-damage model for concrete. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 25: 299-326.
[400]	Luk S W M, Grisdale J L.1996. High proppant concentration/high CO$_{2}$, ratio fracturing system. EP, US5515920.
[401]	Mack M G, Warpinski N R.2000. Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing. Economides M J, Nolte K G. Reservoir Stimulation (3rd edition). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.
[402]	Mackenzie J.1950. The elastic constants of a solid containing spherical holes//Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B, 63: 2.
[403]	Makarynska D, Gurevich B, Ciz R, Arns C H, Knackstedt M A.2008. Finite element modelling of the effective elastic properties of partially saturated rocks. Computers & Geosciences, 34: 647-657.
[404]	Makhnenko R Y, Bunger A P, Detournay E.2010. Deviation from linear elastic fracture in near-surface hydraulic fracturing experiments with rock//In 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium and 5th US-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium. American Rock Mechanics Association.
[405]	Mallat S G.1989. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: The wavelet representation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 11: 674-693.
[406]	Mallat S, Zhang Z.1993. Matching pursuit with time frequency dictionaries. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 41: 3397-3415.
[407]	Martineau D F.2007. History of the newark east field and the barnett shale as a gas reservoir. AAPG Bulletin, 91: 399-403.
[408]	Matthews H, Schein G, Malone M.2007. Stimulation of gas shales: They're all the same-right//SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, College Station, SPE 106070.
[409]	Maxwell S C, Cipolla C L.2011. What does microseismicity tell us about hydraulic fracturing//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. PSociety of etroleum Engineers.
[410]	Maxwell S C, Shemeta J E, Campbell E, Quirk D.2008. Microseismic deformation rate monitoring//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[411]	Maxwell S.2010. Microseismic: Growth born from success. The Leading Edge, 29: 338-343.
[412]	MeNamara G, Zannetti G.1988. Use of the Bolzmann equation to simulate lattice automata. Physical Review Letters, 61: 2332-2335.
[413]	Meng S, Liu H, Xu J, Duan Y, Yang Q, Yao Z.2016. The Evolution and control of fluid phase during liquid CO$_{2}$ fracturing//SPE Asia Pacific Hydraulic Fracturing Conference, Beijing, China.
[414]	Merkel Alexej,Fink Reinhard,Littke Ralf.2016. High pressure methane sorption characteristics of lacustrine shales from. Fuel, 182: 361-372.
[415]	Meschke G, Lackner R, Mang H A.1998. An anisotropic elastoplastic-damage model for plain concrete. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 42: 703-727.
[416]	Meyer B R, Bazan, L W.2011. A Discrete Fracture Network Model for Hydraulically-Induced Fractures: Theory, Parametric and Case Studies//SPE Papers of the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Conference and Exhibition, Woodlands, Texas.
[417]	Miehe C, Mauthe S, Teichtmeister S.2015. Minimization principles for the coupled problem of darcy-biot-type fluid transport in porous media linked to phase field modeling of fracture. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 82: 186-217.
[418]	Moes N, Dolbow J, Belytschko T.1999. A finite element method for crack growth without remeshing. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 46: 131-150.
[419]	Mohammadnejad T, Khoei A R.2013. An extended finite element method for hydraulic fracture propagation in deformable porous media with the cohesive crack model. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 73: 77-95.
[420]	Mokhtari M, Bui B T, Tutuncu A N.2014. Tensile failure of shales: Impacts of layering and natural fractures//SPE Western North American and Rocky Mountain Joint Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[421]	Moos D, Vassilellis G, Cade R, Franquet J, Lacazette A, Bourtembourg E, Daniel G.2011. Predicting shale reservoir response to stimulation in the upper Devonian of West Virginia//Proceedings of SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, SPE-145849. 30.
[422]	Morlet J, Arens G, Fourgeau E, Giard D.1982. Wave propagation and sampling theory-Part I: Complex signal and scattering in multilayered media. Geophysics, 47: 203-221.
[423]	Murdoch L C.2002. Mechanical analysis of idealized shallow hydraulic fracture. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 128: 488-495.
[424]	Nagel N B, Gil I, Sanchez-Nagel M, Damjanac B.2011. Simulating Hydraulic Fracturing in Real Fractured Rocks-Overcoming the Limits of Pseudo3D Models//SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[425]	Neff R, Zakhor A.1997. Very low bit-rate video coding based on Matching Pursuit. IEEE Trans Circuits and Systems for Video Tech, 7: 158-171.
[426]	Nemat-Nasser S, Hori M.1993. Micromechanics: Overall Properties of Heterogeneous Materials. North Holland: Elsevier.
[427]	Nguyen O, Repetto E A, Ortiz M, Radovitzky R A.2001. A cohesive model of fatigue crack growth. International Journal of Fracture, 110: 351-369.
[428]	Niandou H, Shao J F, Henry J P, Fourmaintraux D.1997. Laboratory investigation of the mechanical behaviour of Tournemire shale. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 34: 3-16.
[429]	Noetinger B, Delorme M, Fourno A F, Khvoenkova N K.2012. Flows in Discrete Fracture Networks: from Fine Scale Explicit Simulations to Network Models and Reservoir Simulators//Ecmor Xiii-, European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery.
[430]	Nordgren R P.1972. Propagation of a vertical hydraulic fracture. SPE Journal, 12: 306-314.
[431]	Okaya D A.1992. Removing vibrator-induced correlation artifacts by filtering in frequency-uncorrelated time space. Geophysics, 57: 916-926.
[432]	Okaya D A.1995. Spectral properties of the earth's contribution to seismic resolution. Geophysics, 60: 241-251.
[433]	Olson J E, Dahi-Taleghani A.2010. The Influence of Natural Fractures on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation //AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana.
[434]	Olson J E, Taleghani A D.2009. Modeling simultaneous growth of multiple hydraulic fractures and their interaction with natural fractures//SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[435]	Olson J E, Wu K.2012. Sequential versus Simultaneous Multi-zone Fracturing in Horizontal Wells: Insights from a Non-planar, Multi-frac Numerical Model//SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference in the Woodlands, Texas, USA, 6-8.
[436]	Olson J E.2008. Multi-fracture propagation modeling: Applications to hydraulic fracturing in shales and tight gas sands//The 42nd US rock mechanics symposium (USRMS), American Rock Mechanics Association.
[437]	Ono S, Kondo S.1960. Molecular Theory of Surface Tension in Liquids. Berlin: Springer.
[438]	Ouyang S, Carey G F, Yew C H.1997. An adaptive finite element scheme for hydraulic fracturing with proppant transport. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 24: 645-670.
[439]	Ozkan E, Brown M L, Raghavan R S, Kazemi H.2009. Comparison of fractured horizontal-well performance in conventional and unconventional reservoirs. Dermatologic Surgery,27: 703-708.
[440]	Ozkan E, Brown M L, Raghavan R, Kazemi H.2011. Comparison of fractured-horizontal-well performance in tight sand and shale reservoirs. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Eng, 14: 248-259.
[441]	Pak A, Chan D H.2008. Numerical modeling of hydraulic fracturing in oil sands. Scientia Iranica, 15: 516-535.
[442]	Pan P Z, Feng X T, Xu D P, Shen L F, Yang J B.2011. Modelling fluid flow through a single fracture with different contacts using cellular automata. Computers and Geotechnics, 38: 959-969.
[443]	Passey Q R, Bohacs K, Esch W L, Klimentidis R, Sinha S.2010. From oil-prone source rock to gas-producing shale reservoir -geologic and petrophysical characterization of unconventional shale gas reservoirs. Beijing, 131350.
[444]	Paterson M S, Wong T C.2005. Experimental Rock Deformation –The Brittle Field. New York: Springer.
[445]	Paterson M S.1958. Experimental deformation and faulting in Wombeyan marble. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am, 69: 465--476.
[446]	Peirce A, Detournay E.2008. An implicit level set method for modeling hydraulically driven fractures. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 197: 2858-2885.
[447]	Perdomo J F A, Civan F, Devegowda D, et al.2010. Accurate Simulation of Shale-Gas Reservoirs//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[448]	Perkins T K, Kern L R.1961. Widths of hydraulic fractures. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 13: 937-949.
[449]	PetroWiki.2015. Fracture propagation models. . VPqVr3Exiwg, 03-07.
[450]	Pettersen J, Rieberer R, Munkejord S T.2000. Heat transfer and pressure drop for flow of supercritical and subcritical CO$_{2}$ in microchannel tubes//Final Technical Report for United States Army. European Research Office of the U.S. Army, London, England.
[451]	Pillai K M, Prat M, Marcoux M.2009. A study on slow evaporation of liquids in a dual-porosity porous medium using square network model. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 52: 1643-1656.
[452]	Rafiee M, Soliman M Y, Pirayesh E.2012. Hydraulic fracturing design and optimization: A modification to zipper frac//Society of Petroleum Engineers, San Antonio, SPE 159786.
[453]	Raghavan R, Chen C.2013. Fractional diffusion in rocks produced by horizontal wells with multiple, transverse hydraulic fractures of finite conductivity. Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering, 109: 133-143.
[454]	Rahman M M, Rahman M K.2010. A review of hydraulic fracture models and development of an improved pseudo-3D model for stimulating tight oil/gas sand. Energy Source Part A, 32: 1416-1436.
[455]	Raut U, Famá M, Teolis B D, Baragiola R A.2007. Characterization of porosity in vapor-deposited amorphous solid water from methane adsorption. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 127: 1-6.
[456]	Ren Q W, Dong Y W, Yu T T.2009. Numerical modeling of concrete hydraulic fracturing with extended finite element method. Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences, 52: 559-565.
[457]	Renaud V, Kondo D, Henry J.1996. Computations of effective moduli for microcracked materials: A boundary element approach. Computational Materials Science, 5: 227-237.
[458]	Renshaw C E, Pollard D D.1995. An experimentally verified criterion for propagation across unbounded frictional interfaces in brittle, linear elastic materials. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & Geomechanics Abstracts, 32: 237-249.
[459]	Report of the Department of Energy in the US. 2007. DOE's unconventional gas research programs in 1976-1996.
[460]	Rexer T F T, Benham M J, Aplin A C, et al.2013. Methane adsorption on shale under simulated geological temperature and pressure conditions. Energy & Fuels, 27: 3099-3109.
[461]	Rice J R.1968. Mathematical analysis in the mechanics of fracture. Fracture: An Advanced Treatise, 2: 191-311.
[462]	Rickman R, Mullen M J, Petre J E, Grieser W V, Kundert D.2008. A practical use of shale petrophysics for stimulation design optimization: All shale plays are not clones of the Barnett Shale//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[463]	Robinson P C.1983. Connectivity of fracture systems: A percolation theory approach. Journal of Physics A: Mathematics and General, 16: 605-614.
[464]	Ross D J K, Bustin R M.2002. Characterizing the shale gas resource potential of Devonian Mississippian strata in the Western Canada sedimentary basin: Application of an integrated formation evaluation. AAPG Bulletin, 86: 1921-1938.
[465]	Ross D J K, Bustin R M.2006. Sediment geochemistry of the Lower Jurassic Gordondale Member, northeastern British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 54: 337-365.
[466]	Ross D J K, Bustin R M.2007. Shale gas potential of the Lower Jurassic Gordondale Member northeastern British Columbia, Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 55: 51-75.
[467]	Ross D J K, Bustin R M.2008. Characterizing the shale gas resource potential of Devonian-Mississippian stratain the Western Canada sedimentary basin: Application of anintegrated formation evaluation. AAPG Bulletin, 92: 87-125.
[468]	Ross D J K, Bustin R M.2009. The importance of shale composition and pore structure upon gas storage potential of shale gas reservoirs. Marine & Petroleum Geology, 26: 916-927.
[469]	Rushing J A, Newsham K E, Lasswell P M, Cox J C, Blasingame T A.2004. Klinkenberg-corrected permeability measurements in tight gas sands: Steady-state versus unsteady-state techniques//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, 11.
[470]	Rutledge J T, Phillips W S, Mayerhofer M J.2004. Faulting induced by forced fluid injection and fluid flow forced by faulting: An interpretation of hydraulic-fracture microseismicity, Carthage Cotton Valley gas field, Texas. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94: 1817-1830.
[471]	Rybacki E, Dresen G, Wirth R.2011. Creep of partially molten fine-grained gabbro under dry condition//Proceedings of the 13th academic annual meeting of China mineral rock geochemistry society.
[472]	Rybacki E, Reinicke A, Meier T, Makasi M, Dresen G.2015. What controls the mechanical properties of shale rocks--Part I: Strength and Young's modulus. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 135: 702-722.
[473]	Samardzioska T, Popov V.2005. Numerical comparison of the equivalent continuum, non-homogeneous and dual porosity models for flow and transport in fractured porous media. Advances in Water Resources, 28: 235-255.
[474]	Samuelson M L, Stefanski J, Downie R, Mikhaylov A V, Ovsyannikov D A, Pena A A.2012. Field development study: Channel hydraulic fracturing achieves both operational and productivity goals in the Barnett shale//SPE Americas Unconventional Resources Conference, Pittsburgh, SPE 155684.
[475]	Sarris E, Papanastasiou P.2011. The influence of the cohesive process zone in hydraulic fracturing modelling. International Journal of Fracture, 167: 33-45.
[476]	Savic M, Cockram M J, Ziolkowski A M.1993. Active ultrasonic monitoring of laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing experiments: Numerical modelling vs. experiment. In offshore Europe. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 26793: 419-428.
[477]	Savitski A A, Detournay E.2002. Propagation of a penny-shaped fluid-driven fracture in an impermeable rock: Asymptotic solutions. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 39: 6311-6337.
[478]	Sayers C M.2013. The effect of anisotropy on the Young's moduli and Poisson's ratios of shales. Geophysical Prospecting, 61: 416-426.
[479]	Settari A, Cleary M P.1986. Development and testing of a pseudo-three-dimensional model of hydraulic fracture geometry. SPE Production Engineering, 1: 449-466.
[480]	Sevostianov I, Kachanov M, Ruud J, Lorraine P, Dubois M.2004. Quantitative characterization of microstructures of plasma-sprayed coatings and their conductive and elastic properties. Materials Science and Engineering, A386: 164-174.
[481]	Sevostianov I, Kachanov M.2001. Plasma-sprayed ceramic coatings: Anisotropic elastic and conductive properties in relation to the microstructure; cross-property correlations. Materials Science and Engineering, A297: 235-243.
[482]	Shakib J T, Ghaderi A, Shahri A A.2012. Analysis of hydraulic fracturing in fractured reservoir: Interaction between hydraulic fracture and natural fractures. Life Science Journal, 9: 1854-1862.
[483]	Shakib J T.2013. Numerical modeling of hydraulic fracture propagation: Accounting for the effect of stresses on the interaction between hydraulic and parallel natural fractures. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 22: 557-563.
[484]	Shao J F, Jia Y, Kondo D, Chiarelli A S.2006. A coupled elastoplastic damage model for semi-brittle materials and extension to unsaturated conditions. Mechanics of Materials, 38: 218-232.
[485]	Shao J F, Zhu Q Z, Su K.2003. Modeling of creep in rock materials in terms of material degradation. Computers and Geotechnics, 30: 549-555.
[486]	Shen B, Stephansson O, Rinne M.2014. Modelling Rock Fracturing Processes: A Fracture Mechanics Approach Using FRACOD. Berlin: Springer.
[487]	Shen L, Li J.2004. A numerical simulation for effective elastic moduli of plates with various distributions and sizes of cracks. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 41: 7471-7492.
[488]	Shi J, Zhang L, Li Y, et al.2013. Diffusion and flow mechanisms of shale gas through matrix pores and gas production forecasting. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[489]	Shimizu H, Murata S, Ishida T.2011. The distinct element analysis for hydraulic fracturing in hard rock considering fluid viscosity and particle size distribution. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 48: 712-727.
[490]	Shojaei A, Taleghani A D, Li G.2014. A continuum damage failure model for hydraulic fracturing of porous rocks. International Journal of Plasticity, 59: 199-212.
[491]	Sicking C, Vermilye J, Geiser P, Lacazette A, Thompson L.2013. Permeability field imaging from microseismic. Geophysical Society of Houston Journal, 3: 11-14.
[492]	Siebrits E, Peirce A P.2002. An efficient multi-layer planar 3D fracture growth algorithm using a fixed mesh approach. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 53: 691-717.
[493]	Simo J C.1987. On a fully three-dimensional finite-strain viscoelastic damage model: Formulation and computational aspects. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 60: 153-173.
[494]	Simon R, Kelsey F J.1971. The use of capillary tube networks in reservoir performance studies, I. Equal viscosity miscible displacements. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, 11: 99-112.
[495]	Simoni L, Secchi S.2003. Cohesive fracture mechanics for a multi-phase porous medium. Engineering Computations, 20: 675-698.
[496]	Sleeman R, van Eck T, 1999. Robust automatic P-phase picking: An on-line implementation in the analysis of broadband seismogram recordings. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 113: 265-275.
[497]	Sneddon I N.1946. The distribution of stress in the neighbourhood of a crack in an elastic solid// Proceedings of the Royal Society of London-Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 187: 229-260.
[498]	Sneddon I.1946. The distribution of stress in the neighbourhood of a crack in an elastic solid//Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 187: 229-260.
[499]	Snieder R, Vrijlandt M.2005. Constraining the source separation with coda wave interferometry: Theory and application to earthquake doublets in the Hayward fault, California. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 110: 1978-2012.
[500]	Soeder D J.1988. Porosity and permeability of eastern devonian gas shale. SPE Formation Evaluation, 3: 116-124.
[501]	Son C H, Park S J.2006. An experimental study on heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of carbon dioxide during gas cooling process in a horizontal tube. International Journal of Refrigeration, 29: 539-546.
[502]	Sondergeld C H, Newsham K E, Comisky J T, et al.2010. Petrophysical considerations in evaluating and producing shale gas resources. SPE 131768, SPE Unconventional Gas Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 23-25.
[503]	Sone H, Zoback M D.2013. Mechanical properties of shale-gas reservoir rocks–Part 1: Static and dynamic elastic properties and anisotropy. Geophysics, 78: 381-392.
[504]	Sone H, Zoback M D.2013. Mechanical properties of shale-gas reservoir rocks–Part 2: Ductile creep, brittle strength, and their relation to the elastic modulus. Geophysics, 78: 393-402.
[505]	Sousa J L, Carter B J, Ingraffea A R.1993. Numerical simulation of 3D hydraulic fracture using Newtonian and power-law fluids. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts. Pergamon, 30: 1265-1271.
[506]	Span R, Wagner W.1996. Anew equation of state for carbon dioxide covering the fluid region from the triple-point temperature to 1100K at pressures up to 800MPa. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Date, 25: 1509-1596.
[507]	Spence D A, Sharp P.1985. Self-similar solutions for elastohydrodynamic cavity flow//Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 400: 289-313.
[508]	Stephan W, Etienne G, Ghislain D M.1985. Water penetration through fractured rocks: Test of a tridimensional percolation description. Mathematical Geology, 17: 17-27.
[509]	Stockwell R G, Mansinha L, Lowe R P.1996. Localization of the complex spectrum: The S transform. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 17: 998-1001.
[510]	Sun H, Yao J, Gao S, Fan D, Wang C, Sun Z.2013. Numerical study of CO$_{2}$ enhanced natural gas recovery and sequestration in shale gas reservoirs. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 19: 406-419.
[511]	Swami V, Settari A.2012. A pore scale gas flow model for shale gas reservoir//SPE Americas Unoceonventional Resources Conferences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1-10.
[512]	Tada H, Paris P C, Irwin G R.1985. Handbook for Stress Analysis of Cracks. Del Research.
[513]	Taleghani A D, Olson J E.2009. Analysis of multistranded hydraulic fracture propagation: an improved model for the interaction between induced and natural fractures//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers. 124884: 1-10.
[514]	Taleghani A D.2009. Analysis of hydraulic fracture propagation in fractured reservoirs: An improved model for the interaction between induced and natural fractures. [PhD Thesis]. Austin: The University of Texas.
[515]	Tanmay M S.2014. LPG-Based Fracturing: An alternate fracturing technique in shale reservoirs. SPE170542//SPE nconventional Resources Conference.
[516]	Tayari F, Blumsack S, Dilmore R, Mohaghegh S D.2015. Techno-economic assessment of industrial CO$_{2}$ storage in depleted shale gas reservoirs. Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, 11: 82-94.
[517]	Terzaghi K. 1925. Principles of Soil Mechanics: IV Settlement and Consolidation of Clay. In: Engineering News Record. New York: McGraw-Hill.
[518]	Thiel S, Heinson G.2010. Crustal imaging of a mobile belt using magnetotellurics: an example of the Fowler Domain in South Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 115: 1-18.
[519]	Thomsen L.1986. Weak elastic anisotropy. Geophysics, 51: 1954-1966.
[520]	Thomsen L.1995. Elastic anisotropy due to aligned cracks in porous rock. Geophysical Prospecting, 43: 805-829.
[521]	Torelli L, Scheideg A E.1971. Random maze models of flow through Porous media, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 89: 32-44.
[522]	Torres S A G, Casta{n}o J D M.2007. Simulation of the hydraulic fracture process in two dimensions using a discrete element method. Physical Review E, 75: 066109.
[523]	Val`{e}s F, Minh D N, Gharbi H, Rejeb A.2004. Experimental study of the influence of the degree of saturation on physical and mechanical properties in Tournemire shale (France). Applied Clay Science, 26: 197-207.
[524]	Vandamme L, Curran J H.1989. A three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing simulator. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 28: 909-927.
[525]	Vasin R N, Wenk H R, Kanitpanyacharoen W, Matthies S, Wirth R.2013. Elastic anisotropy modeling of Kimmeridge shale. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118: 3931-3956.
[526]	Wamock W E, Harris P C, King D S.1985. Successful field applications of CO$_{2}$-foam fracturing fluids in the Arkansas-Louisiana-Texas Region. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 37: 80-88.
[527]	Wan Y Z, Liu Y W, Ouyang W P, Niu C, Han G, Liu W.2015. Fracture network numerical well test model based on the discrete fracture model. Procedia Engineering, 126: 512-516.
[528]	Wang F P, Reed R M.2009. Pore networks and fluid flow in gas shales//Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[529]	Wang H L, Cai Z H, Guo Z L.2009. Lattice Boltzmann simulation of gas transfusion in compact porous media. Chinese Journal of Computational Physics, 26: 389-395.
[530]	Wang H, Li G, Shen Z.2012. A feasibility analysis on shale gas exploitation with supercritical carbon dioxide. Energy Sources Part A: Recovery Utilization & Environmental Effects, 34: 1426-1435.
[531]	Wang J, Fang J, Karihaloo B L.2000. Asymptotics of multiple crack interactions and prediction of effective modulus. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 37: 4261-4273.
[532]	Wang J, Teng T.1995. Artificial neural network-based seismic detector. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 85: 308-319.
[533]	Wang T, Zhou W, Chen J, Xiao X, Li Y, Zhao X.2014. Simulation of hydraulic fracturing using particle flow method and application in a coal mine. International Journal of Coal Geology, 121: 1-13.
[534]	Wang Y C.2008. Discrete element simulation of hydraulic fracturing and induced seismicity in engineered geothermal systems//Proc. Australian Geothermal Energy Conference.
[535]	Wang Y H.2007. Seismic time-frequency spectral decomposition by matching pursuit. Geophysics. 72: 13-20.
[536]	Wangen M.2011. Finite element modeling of hydraulic fracturing on a reservoir scale in 2D. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 77: 274-285.
[537]	Wangen M.2013. Finite element modeling of hydraulic fracturing in 3D. Computational Geosciences, 17: 647-659.
[538]	Warpinski N R, Du J, Zimmer U.2012. Measurements of hydraulic-fracture-induced seismicity in gas shales. SPE Production & Operations, 27: 240-252.
[539]	Warpinski N R, Wolhart S L, Wright C A.2001. Analysis and prediction of microseismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[540]	Warpinski N R.2009. Integrating microseismic monitoring with well completions, reservoir behavior, and rock mechanics//SPE Tight Gas Completions Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[541]	Warren J E, Root P J.1963. The behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs. SPE Journal, 3: 245-255.
[542]	Watanabe N, Wang W, Taron J, G?rke U J, Kolditz O.2012. Lower-dimensional interface elements with local enrichment: Application to coupled hydro-mechanical problems in discretely fractured porous media. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 90: 1010-1034.
[543]	Waters G A, Lewis R E, Bentley D.2011. The effect of mechanical properties anisotropy in the generation of hydraulic fractures in organic shales//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[544]	Weber N, Fries T P.2013. The XFEM with an Implicit-Explicit Crack Description for a Plane-Strain Hydraulic Fracture Problem//Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 13: 83-84.
[545]	Weber N, Siebert P, Willbrand K, Feinendegen M, Clauser C, Fries T P.2013. The XFEM with an explicit-implicit crack description for hydraulic fracture problems. Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing, Intech: 711-723.
[546]	Wei Y J.2008. On micro-cracking, inelastic dilatancy, and the brittle-ductile transition in compact rocks: A micro-mechanical study. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 45: 2785-2798.
[547]	Weng X, Kresse O, Cohen C, Wu R, Gu H.2011. Modeling of hydraulic-fracture-network propagation in a naturally fractured formation. Society of Petroleum Engineers Production and Operations, 26: 368-380.
[548]	White C M, Mungal M G.2008. Mechanics and prediction of turbulent drag reduction with polymer additives. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 40: 235-256.
[549]	White J E, Mihailova N, Lyakhovitsky F.1975. Low-frequency seismic waves in fluid-saturated layered rocks. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 57: S30.
[550]	Willberg D M, Steinsberger N, Hoover R, et al.1998. Optimization of fracture cleanup using flowback analysis. SPE Paper 39920.
[551]	Williams J G, Ewing P D.Fracture under complex stress-the angled crack problem. International Journal of Fracture, 1984, 26: 346-351.
[552]	Wu K L, Chen Z X, Li X F, Guo C H, Wei M Z.2016. A model for multiple transport mechanisms through nanopores of shale gas reservoirs with real gas effect--adsorption-mechanic coupling. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 93: 408-426.
[553]	Wu K L, Chen Z X, Li X F, Xu J Z, Li J, Wang K, Wang H, Wang S H, Dong X H.2017. Flow behavior of gas confined in nanoporous shale at high pressure: Real gas effect. Fuel, 205: 173-183.
[554]	Wu K L, Chen Z X, Li X F.2015. Real gas transport through nanopores of varying cross-section type and shape in shale gas reservoirs. Chemical Engineering Journal, 281: 813-825.
[555]	Wu K L, Chen Z X, Wang H.2015. A model for real gas transfer in nanopores of shale gas reservoirs//EUROPEC 2015, Madrid, Spain: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1-14.
[556]	Wu K L, Li X F, Wang C C.2014. Apparent permeability for gas flow in shale reservoirs coupling effects of gas diffusion and desorption. Advanced Materials Research, 3702: 2305-2309.
[557]	Wu R, Germanovich L N, Van Dyke P E, Lowell R P.2007. Thermal technique for controlling hydraulic fractures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 112: 1-15.
[558]	Xu W, Thiercelin M J, Ganguly U, Weng X, Gu H, Onda H.2010. Wire-mesh: A Novel Shale Fracture Simulator//SPE Papers of the CPS/SPE International Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition held in Beijing, China, 8-10.
[559]	Yang Y, Hiroki S, Hows A, Zoback M D.2013. Comparison of brittleness indices in organic-rich shale formations//47th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, San Francisco, California. American Rock Mechanics Association.
[560]	Yoon S H, Kim J H, Hwang Y W, Kim M S, Min K, Kim Y.2003. Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics during the in-tube cooling process of carbon dioxide in the supercritical region. International Journal of Refrigeration, 26: 857-864.
[561]	Yu W, Sepehrnoori K.2013. Optimization of multiple hydraulically fractured horizontal wells in unconventional gas reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Engineering, 2013: 151898.
[562]	Yun M, Yu B, Cai J.2011. A fractal model for the starting pressure gradient for Bingham fluid in porous media embedded with randomly distributed fractal-like tree networks. Advances in Water Resources, 34: 1574-1580.
[563]	Zangeneh N, Eberhardt E, Bustin R M.2012. Application of the distinct-element method to investigate the influence of natural fractures and in situ stresses on hydrofrac propagation//46th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, Chicago.
[564]	Zeng W, Zhang J, Ding W, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Jiu K.2013. Fracture development in Paleozoic shale of Chongqing area (South China). Part one: Fracture characteristics and comparative analysis of main controlling factors. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 75: 251-266.
[565]	Zeng X, Wei Y.2016. The influence of crack orientation distribution on the mechanical properties of pre-cracked brittle media. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 96: 64-73.
[566]	Zeng X, Wei Y.2017. Crack deflection in brittle media with heterogeneous interfaces and its application in shale fracking. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 101: 235-249.
[567]	Zhan S, Wang T, Han X.1999. Analysis of two-dimensional finite solids withmicrocracks. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 36: 3735-3753.
[568]	Zhang H, Liu J, Elsworth D.2008. How sorption-induced matrix deformation affects gas flow in coal seams: A new FE model. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 45: 1226-1236.
[569]	Zhang J, Gerstoft P, Shearer P M, Yao H, Vidale J E, Houston H, Ghosh A.2011. Cascadia tremor spectra: Low corner frequencies and earthquake-like high-frequency falloff. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 12: doi: 10.1029/2011GC003759.
[570]	Zhang L, Wong L N Y.2014. Rock Mechanics and Its Applications in Civil, Mining, and Petroleum Engineering. USA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
[571]	Zhang X, Jeffrey R G, Thiercelin M.2007. Deflection and propagation of fluid-driven fractures at frictional bedding interfaces: A numerical investigation. Journal of Structural Geology, 29: 396-410.
[572]	Zhang Z, Ghassemi A.2011. Simulation of hydraulic fracture propagation near a natural fracture using virtual multidimensional internal bonds. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 35: 480-495.
[573]	Zhao X, Paul Young R.2011. Numerical modeling of seismicity induced by fluid injection in naturally fractured reservoirs. Geophysics, 76: 167-180.
[574]	Zhao Y, Tandon G, Weng G.1989. Elastic moduli for a class of porous materials. Acta Mechanica, 76: 105-131.
[575]	Zhou L, Hou M Z.2013. A new numerical 3D-model for simulation of hydraulic fracturing in consideration of hydro-mechanical coupling effects. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 60: 370-380.
[576]	Zhuang Z, Liu Z, Cheng B, Liao J.2014.Extended finite element method. Beijing: Elsevier/Tsinghua University Press.
[577]	Zimmerman R W.1985. The effect of microcracks on the elastic moduli of brittle materials. Journal of Materials Science Letters, 4: 1457-1460.
[578]	Zimmerman R W.1986. Compressibility of two-dimensional cavities of various shapes. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 53: 500-504.
[579]	Zoback M D, Kohli A, Das I, McClure M.2012. The importance of slow slip on faults during hydraulic fracturing stimulation of shale gas reservoirs//SPE Americas Unconventional Resources Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 155476: 1-9.
[580]	Zou Y, Ma X, Zhang S, Zhou T, Li H.2016. Numerical investigation into the influence of bedding plane on hydraulic fracture network propagation in shale formations. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 49: 3597-3614.
[581]	Zuo L L.2015. A new method to calculate the absolute amount of high-pressure adsorption of supercritical fluid. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 34: 61-71.
[582]	Zuo L, Wang Y, Guo W, et al.2014. Methane adsorption on shale: Insights from experiments and a simplified local density model. Adsorption Science & Technology, 32: 535-556.